ii
Copyright © 2009
by
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Previous editions copyright 2004, 2000, 1998, 1994, 1990, 1985
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or
transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means,
including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior
written permission of The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2008007116
ISBN 978-1-59070-956-6
7 8 9 – 09 – 13 12 08
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Brand Disclaimer: Brand names, company names, and illustrations for products and services included in
this text are provided for educational purposes only and do not represent or imply endorsement or recommendation by the author or the publisher.
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Safety Notice: The reader is expressly advised to carefully read, understand, and apply all safety pre-
cautions and warnings described in this book or that might also be indicated in undertaking the activities and exercises described herein to mini-
mize risk of personal injury or injury to others. Common sense and good judgment should also be exercised and applied to help avoid all
potential hazards. The reader should always refer to the appropriate manufacturer’s technical information, directions, and recommendations; then
proceed with care to follow specific equipment operating instructions. The reader should understand these notices and cautions are not exhaustive.
The publisher makes no warranty or representation whatsoever, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to equipment, procedures,
and applications described or referred to herein, their quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any changes, errors, or omissions in this book. The publisher specifically disclaims any liability whatsoever,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Duffy, James E.
Modern automotive technology / James E. Duffy. — 7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-59070-956-6
1. Automobiles—Design and construction. 2. Automobiles—
Maintenance and repair. 3. Automobiles. I. Title.
TL146.D84 2009
629.2’3—dc22 2008007116