x Guided Tour 5 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 108 The Skeletal System Chapter 5 Outline Section 5.1 Bone • Functions of the Skeletal System • Bone Classification and Structure • Growth and Development of Bones • Bone Remodeling Section 5.2 The Axial Skeleton • Skull • Vertebral Column • Thoracic Cage Section 5.3 The Appendicular Skeleton • Upper Extremity • Lower Extremity Section 5.4 Joints • Types of Joints • Articular Tissues Section 5.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System • Common Bone Injuries • Osteoporosis • Common Joint Injuries • Arthritis P eople tend to think of bone as a hard, dried-up chunk of mineral that a dog would enjoy chewing. While this is true of dead bone, the living bones inside the human body are made up of amazing, complex living tissues. Bones are not only hydrated (containing water), but also very dynamic, continually changing in size, shape, and strength over time. How and why do these processes and changes occur? This chapter explores the characteristics of living bone and describes the well-tailored functionality of the major bones and joints in the human skeleton. It also some of the common injuries and disorders of the bones and joints, how these problems tend to occur, and in some cases, how their likelihood can be reduced.chapter Clinical Case Study Fifteen-year-old Dana is a healthy adolescent who eats a balanced diet and gets plenty of sleep. She is also the star player on both her high-school JV soccer team and her travel soccer team. Her travel team plays for 10 months per year, and while the seasons overlap between the two teams, she attends soccer practices at least fi ve days per week and typically has two games per week. For about the past six months, Dana has been experiencing pain and swelling around the anterior aspect of her right knee that worsens with activity and has prevented her from fi nishing many of her games. She does not recall having had an injury to the knee, and other than the pain and swelling, she has no observable symptoms. Dana’s travel coach frankly wonders if Dana might be faking her pain for some reason, since her play is not affected during the fi rst half of her soccer matches. But the pain is real and Dana fi nally sees a physician. Among the conditions and injuries discussed in the chapter, which ones might Dana have, and which do you think is most likely? Warrick G./Science Source art-Willcox Wi Co llcox Co., Inc Inc. han ges occur? of living bone ty of the major al so didiscusses scusses s of the bones c cur, an d in ed uce d. Clinical Case Study Read again the Clinical Case Study at the beginning of this chapter. Use the information provided in the to answer the following questions. 37. Among the conditions described in this chapter, what do you think might be going on with Dana? 38. Which condition do you think is most likely? Why? Muscles of the Trunk Anterior Muscles Muscle Origin Insertion Primary Functions Rectus abdominis pubic crest sternum and ribs 5–7 flexion and lateral flexion of trunk External oblique ribs 5–12 anterior iliac crest and pubis flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation to opposite side of trunk Internal oblique anterior iliac crest ribs 10–12 flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation to same side of trunk Posterior Muscles Muscle Origin Insertion Primary Functions Trapezius occipital bone, nuchal ligament, and vertebrae C7–T3 clavicle and scapular spine extension and hyperextension of head elevation, depression, and adduction of scapula Erector spinae: iliocostalis ilium and ribs ribs and transverse processes of vertebrae extension, lateral flexion, and rotation to opposite side Erector spinae: longissimus inferior aspect of transverse processes of vertebrae superior aspect of transverse processes of vertebrae extension, lateral flexion, and rotation to opposite side Erector spinae: spinalis inferior aspect of spinous processes superior aspect of spinous processes extension, lateral flexion, and rotation to opposite side Quadratus lumborum iliac crests upper lumbar vertebrae individually assist lateral flexion together assist trunk extension Muscles for Breathing Muscle Origin Insertion Primary Functions Diaphragm (separates thoracic and abdominal cavities) enlarges thoracic cavity for inhalation Internal intercostals (between ribs) decrease thoracic cavity volume during forced External intercostals (between ribs) help enlarge thoracic cavity volume during inhalationo Figure 6.16 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Real-World Applications The Clinical Case Study at the beginning of each chapter presents a real-world medical issue related to chapter content. The case study helps prospective healthcare workers understand how the concepts and ideas presented in the chapter are applied in the healthcare fi eld. At the end of the chapter, questions in the Review revisit the case study, asking students to apply chapter content to propose answers to the questions presented in the case study. Meaningful Illustrations Numerous photographs show the effects of various diseases and disorders. Colorful illustrations help students comprehend the complex structure of the human body and how various body systems work together. Well-designed tables provide a concise summary of detailed information. tions c a eexpiration h tions c a e h o Krzysztof Winnik/Shutt erstock.com Fi 4 19 M li t l lumborum o rac i lumborum o ) ) Dr P. / Science Source Fi 3 19 A l ki h i ft f d t li A A B C Eccentric contraction Isometric contractions Triceps relaxed (antagonist) Triceps relaxed Tension in triceps Tension in biceps (agonist) Tension in biceps Tension in biceps Concentric contractionMarazzi © Body Scientifi c International Fi 6 4 M l t ti A I t i t ti th i t bi t t d th t i C © Bod y Sci i t ti th i t b i t t d t h t i ttitt i chatuphot/Shutt erstock.com Fi 9 22 Thi h it l h t