5 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 108 The Skeletal System Chapter 5 Outline Section 5.1 Bone • Functions of the Skeletal System • Bone Classification and Structure • Growth and Development of Bones • Bone Remodeling Section 5.2 The Axial Skeleton • Skull • Vertebral Column • Thoracic Cage Section 5.3 The Appendicular Skeleton • Upper Extremity • Lower Extremity Section 5.4 Joints • Types of Joints • Articular Tissues Section 5.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System • Common Bone Injuries • Osteoporosis • Common Joint Injuries • Arthritis P eople tend to think of bone as a hard, dried-up chunk of mineral that a dog would enjoy chewing. While this is true of dead bone, the living bones inside the human body are made up of amazing, complex living tissues. Bones are not only hydrated (containing water), but also very dynamic, continually changing in size, shape, and strength over time. How and why do these processes and changes occur? This chapter explores the characteristics of living bone and describes the well-tailored functionality of the major bones and joints in the human skeleton. It also discusses some of the common injuries and disorders of the bones and joints, how these problems tend to occur, and in some cases, how their likelihood can be reduced. Clinical Case Study Fifteen-year-old Dana is a healthy adolescent who eats a balanced diet and gets plenty of sleep. She is also the star player on both her high-school JV soccer team and her travel soccer team. Her travel team plays for 10 months per year, and while the seasons overlap between the two teams, she attends soccer practices at least fi ve days per week and typically has two games per week. For about the past six months, Dana has been experiencing pain and swelling around the anterior aspect of her right knee that worsens with activity and has prevented her from fi nishing many of her games. She does not recall having had an injury to the knee, and other than the pain and swelling, she has no observable symptoms. Dana’s travel coach frankly wonders if Dana might be faking her pain for some reason, since her play is not affected during the fi rst half of her soccer matches. But the pain is real and Dana fi nally sees a physician. Among the conditions and injuries discussed in the chapter, which ones might Dana have, and which do you think is most likely? Warrick G./Science Source