xiv Contents 1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Section 1.1 Terminology for Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . 3 Section 1.2 Organization of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Section 1.3 Physiological Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Section 1.4 Effects of Physical Forces on the Body. . . . . . . . . . . 21 Section 1.5 Development of Scientific Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 Molecules and Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Section 2.1 Atoms and Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Section 2.2 Molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Section 2.3 Cellular Anatomy and Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Section 2.4 Development of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3 Body Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Section 3.1 Human Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Section 3.2 Development of Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Section 3.3 Disorders of the Body Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4 Membranes and the Integumentary System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Section 4.1 Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Section 4.2 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Section 4.3 Development of the Integumentary System. . . . 104 Section 4.4 Disorders of the Integumentary System. . . . . . . 106 5 The Skeletal System. . . . . . . . . . . 120 Section 5.1 Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Section 5.2 Development of Bones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Section 5.3 The Axial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Section 5.4 The Appendicular Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Section 5.5 Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Section 5.6 Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System. . 156 6 The Muscular System. . . . . . . . . . 166 Section 6.1 Types and Functions of Muscle Tissue. . . . . . . . . 167 Section 6.2 Skeletal Muscle Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Section 6.3 Major Skeletal Muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Section 6.4 Development of Muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Section 6.5 Common Muscle Injuries and Disorders . . . . . . 197