xvi 13 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Section 13.1 The Lymphatic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Section 13.2 Nonspecific Defenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Section 13.3 The Immune System: Specific Defenses. . . . . . . . . 434 Section 13.4 Development of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Section 13.5 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 14 The Digestive System and Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Section 14.1 Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Section 14.2 Nutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Section 14.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Section 14.4 Development of the Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Section 14.5 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 15 The Urinary System. . . . . . . . . . . . 492 Section 15.1 The Kidney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Section 15.2 Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion. . . . . . 499 Section 15.3 Development of the Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Section 15.4 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 16 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems. . . . . . . . . . 524 Section 16.1 The Human Reproductive Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Section 16.2 The Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Section 16.3 The Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Section 16.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth. . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Section 16.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems . . . 550 Section 16.6 Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 Appendix A The Metric System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Appendix B Anatomy and Physiology Word Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Appendix C Common Medical Abbreviations. . . . . . 571 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595