xv CHAPTER 4 Fundamentals of Collision Damage 59 Introduction .........................................................60 Vehicle Design Factors .......................................60 Metal Properties ...................................................60 Component Shapes ..............................................61 Collision Factors ..................................................62 Force .......................................................................62 Inertia.....................................................................65 Target .....................................................................66 Impact Angle ........................................................66 Surface Area of Impact ........................................66 Vehicle Height ......................................................67 Damage .................................................................67 Direct and Indirect Damage ...............................67 Bend-versus-Kink Rule .......................................68 Full-Frame Damage .............................................69 Unibody Damage .................................................73 CHAPTER 5 General-Purpose Tools and Equipment, Service Information 81 Introduction .........................................................82 Tool Storage ..........................................................82 General-Purpose Hand Tools ............................83 Wrenches ...............................................................83 Pliers ......................................................................85 Screwdrivers .........................................................86 Pry Bars .................................................................86 Hammers ...............................................................86 Chisels and Punches ............................................87 Tap and Die Set ....................................................88 Hacksaw ................................................................89 Snips ......................................................................89 Rivet Gun ..............................................................89 Scrapers .................................................................90 Utility Knives .......................................................90 Upholstery Removal Tools .................................91 Power Tools ..........................................................91 Impact Wrench .....................................................91 Power Ratchet ......................................................92 Drills, Drivers, and Drill Bits .............................92 Shop Equipment ..................................................92 Compressed Air System ......................................92 Floor Jack...............................................................93 Jack Stands ............................................................94 Lifts ........................................................................94 Creepers and Shop Seats .....................................95 Battery Charger ....................................................95 Welding Equipment .............................................96 Scan Tool ..............................................................96 Service Information ............................................97 CHAPTER 6 Fasteners 101 Introduction .......................................................102 Galvanic Corrosion ...........................................102 Threaded Fasteners ...........................................102 Bolts .....................................................................102 Nuts .....................................................................104 Washers ...............................................................105 Damage to Bolts, Nuts, and Washers ..............105 Screws ..................................................................105 Threaded Fastener Service ...............................106 Liquid Threadlock .............................................108 Anti-Seize Lubricant ..........................................109 Non-Threaded Fasteners ..................................109 Rings ....................................................................109 Rivets ...................................................................109 Adhesives ............................................................ 111 Hybrid Bonding ................................................ 111 Plastic Fasteners ................................................ 112 CHAPTER 7 Welding and Cutting 115 Introduction ....................................................... 116 Welding Safety .................................................. 116