xii Heat Transfer ..................................................................... 267 Coolant Pumps ................................................................. 267 Radiator .............................................................................. 270 Forced Air ........................................................................... 272 Hoses and Hose Clamps ................................................. 274 First Job Complete ........................................................... 274 Thermostat ........................................................................ 276 Pressurized Cooling System .......................................... 279 Temperature Indicators ................................................. 281 Using Coolant .................................................................... 282 Cylinder Cutout ................................................................ 283 Air-Cooled Engines ........................................................ 284 Moving the Air .................................................................. 285 Thermostat ........................................................................ 286 Chapter 14 Lubrication Systems . . . . . . . . . .291 The Need for a Lubrication System..................... 291 Friction ................................................................................ 291 Engine Oil ............................................................................ 293 Engine Oil Has Several Jobs .......................................... 293 Refining Engine Oil .......................................................... 293 Oil Viscosity ....................................................................... 294 Engine Oil Service Classification ................................ 295 Oil Change Intervals........................................................ 296 Engine Lubrication Systems .................................... 298 How Oil Works .................................................................. 298 Three Types of Lubrication Systems .......................... 299 Components of the Pressure-Splash System ........... 301 Oil Filtration ....................................................................... 307 Oil Filters ............................................................................ 307 Oil Seals ................................................................................. 308 Oil Pressure and Level Indicators ........................ 309 Dipstick ............................................................................... 310 Cooling the Oil .................................................................. 311 Chapter 15 Exhaust Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Purpose of the Exhaust System ............................. 317 Exhaust System Designs ............................................. 317 Single Exhaust System .................................................... 317 Dual Exhaust System ...................................................... 318 Exhaust System Components ................................. 318 Exhaust Manifolds ........................................................... 319 Exhaust Pipes .................................................................... 319 Catalytic Converters ....................................................... 320 Mufflers ............................................................................... 320 Resonators ......................................................................... 321 Tailpipes .............................................................................. 321 Hangers ............................................................................... 321 Heat Shields ....................................................................... 322 Exhaust System Materials ......................................... 323 Sealing the Exhaust System ..................................... 323 Exhaust Manifold-to-Pipe Connections .................... 323 Pipe-to-Pipe Connections ............................................. 324 Other Connections .......................................................... 325 Chapter 16 Emission Controls . . . . . . . . . . . .329 The Need for Emission Controls ........................... 329 Emission Control Systems ........................................ 329 Engine Modifications and Controls ................... 330 Engine Modifications ...................................................... 330 Exhaust Gas Recirculation System ............................. 331 External Cleaning Systems ....................................... 334 Air Injection System ........................................................ 334 Pulse Air Injection System ............................................. 336 Catalytic Converters ....................................................... 337 Fuel Vapor Controls ...................................................... 339 Positive Crankcase Ventilation System ..................... 339 Crankcase Depression Regulator System ................. 341 Evaporative Emission Control System .............. 341 Diesel Selective Catalytic Reduction System ........................................................... 345 Selective Catalytic Reduction System Components ....................................................... 345 Emission Systems Caution ....................................... 346 Chapter 17 Charging and Starting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 Battery .................................................................................... 351 Battery Cells ...................................................................... 351 Battery Construction ...................................................... 353 Battery Chemical Action ................................................ 354 Parasitic Battery Loads .................................................. 356 Identifying Battery Terminals ...................................... 356 Dry-Charged Battery ....................................................... 357 Charging System .............................................................. 357 Alternator ........................................................................... 357 Alternator Control ........................................................... 361 Starter System ................................................................... 364 Starter Motor Principles ................................................ 364