Table of Contents 7
Service Literature 56
Factory Manual / General Manual / Specialized Manual /
Technical Service Bulletins / Telephone Hotlines
Computerized Assistance 60
Scan Tools / Flasher Modules / Manuals on CD-ROM /
Internet Resources
Chapter 4:
HVAC Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals . . 63
Electrical Basics 64
Conductors and Insulators / Electrical Measurements /
Direct and Alternating Current / Types of Electrical
Circuits / Circuit Defects
Electromagnetism 67
Vehicle Wiring and Electrical Components 68
Wiring / Wiring Schematics / Circuit Protection
Devices / Switches / Solenoids, Relays, and Magnetic
Clutches / Motors / Resistors / Capacitors
Basic Electrical Diagnosis 75
Electrical Device Not Working / Electrical Device on
at All Times
Vehicle Computers 75
Semiconductor Materials / Computer Circuits /
Control Loops / Main Computer Sections / Computer
Diagnostic Outputs
Chapter 5:
Principles of Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Purpose of Refrigeration 82
Basic Principles of Refrigeration 82
Heat and Cold / Heat Transfer / Change of State /
Sensible and Latent Heat / The Pressure-Temperature
Relationship
Refrigeration Components 85
The Two Main Types of Refrigeration Systems /
Evaporator / Accumulator / Compressor / Muffl er /
Condenser / Receiver-drier / Filter / Sight Glass /
Flow Restrictor / Connecting Lines / Service Fittings /
Seals and Gaskets / Which Parts Are Used on Which
Systems? / Refrigerants
The Refrigeration Cycle 91
Cooling Phase—Evaporator / Pressure Increase
Phase—Compressor / Heat Transfer Phase—
Condenser / Pressure Decrease Phase—Flow
Restrictor / Factors That Affect System Performance
Chapter 6:
Refrigerants, Refrigerant Oils, and Related
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Refrigerant Purposes 98
Refrigerants and Governmental Regulation 98
Montreal Protocol / Clean Air Act
Types of Refrigerants 99
R-134a / R-12 (Freon) / R-134a versus R-12
Refrigerant Classifi cation 101
Blended Refrigerants (Azeotropic and Zeotropic
Blends) / Drop-in Refrigerants / New Refi gerants
Replacement Refrigerants 102
Choosing a Replacement Refrigerant / SNAP Program
Refrigerant Oils 104
Types of Refrigerant Oil
Other Refrigeration System Chemicals 105
Desiccants / Flushing Compounds / Leak Detector
Dyes / Evaporator Surface Cleaners / Refrigeration
System Sealers
Chapter 7:
Hoses, Lines, Fittings, and Seals . . . . . . . . . 109
Hoses and Lines 110
Hoses / Metal Lines / Combination Hose and Line
Assemblies / Hose and Line Attachments / Hose and
Line Size Specifi cations
Refrigeration System Fittings 112
Compression Fittings / Crimp Fittings / Spring Lock
Couplings / Screw Type Hose Clamps / Service
Fittings
Making Hoses, Lines, and Fittings 116
Refrigeration Sealing Devices 116
Compressor Shaft Seals / O-ring Seals / Sealing
Washers / Gaskets
Chapter 8:
Compressors, Clutches, and Drives. . . . . . . 121
Compressor Purposes 122
Basic Compressor Parts 122
Types of Compressors 122
Piston Compressors / Rotary Vane Compressors /
Scroll Compressors
Compressor Capacity Control Valves 130
Compressor Drives and Clutches 130
Compressor Drive / Compressor Clutches /
Compressor Clutch Control Systems / Constantly
Engaged Compressor Clutch
Compressor Makes and Models 135
Bosch / Calsonic / Chrysler / Frigidaire/Harrison/
Delco Air/Delphi / Ford / Hitachi / Keihin /
Matsushita/Panasonic / Mitsubishi / Nihon/Nihon
Radiator / Nippondenso / Sanden/Sankyo / Seiko-
Seki / Seltec / Tecumseh/York / Unicla / Zexel/Diesel
Kiki / Older Compressors
Chapter 9:
Evaporators, Condensers, Accumulators, and
Receiver-Driers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143