Recovering Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Recovering R-134a or R-12 | Recovering Blends and Contaminated Refrigerant | Recycling Refrigerant Evacuating Refrigeration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Evacuation Procedure Flushing Refrigeration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Open Loop Flushing | Closed Loop Flushing Checking and Adding Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Checking Compressor Oil Level | Adding Oil to a Charged System | Adding Oil to Replacement Components | Adding Oil to the Compressor Vacuum and Pressure Testing Refrigeration Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Vacuum Testing | Nitrogen Pressure Testing Recharging Refrigeration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Recharging with Refrigerant Service Center | Charging with Gauge Manifold | Refrigeration System Purging Installing an Inline Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Maintaining Refrigerant Service Centers . . . . . . . . .264 Replacing the Filter-Drier | Calibrating the Service Center’s Scale | Changing the Vacuum Pump Oil | Checking for Leaks | Installing a New Tank | Adding Refrigerant from a Disposable Tank | Removing Air from Charging Cylinders Chapter 17 Hose, Line, Fitting, and O-Ring Service . . . . . . . . 269 Servicing Fittings and O-Rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Compression Fittings | O-Ring Replacement | Spring Lock Couplings | Service Fittings Servicing Hose Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Crimped Fittings | Hose Clamps Gasket Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Hose Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Hose Removal and Replacement Making Hoses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Selecting Proper Hoses | Installing and Crimping Hose Fittings Line Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Line Removal and Replacement | Making Lines Chapter 18 Compressor and Clutch Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Common Compressor and Clutch Problems. . . . . . .280 Noises | Compressor Clutch Not Engaging | Excessive Pressure | Constant Low Pressure | Occasional Low Pressure Compressor Removal and Replacement . . . . . . . . .282 Compressor Removal | Determining Compressor Type | Adding Oil to Compressors | Compressor Installation | Compressor Retrofi tting Compressor Clutch and Electromagnet Service . . . .284 Clutch Removal | Electromagnet and Clutch Replacement Compressor Overhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Shaft Seal Replacement | Rebuilding Compressors | Overhauling Radial Piston Compressors | Overhauling Axial Piston Compressors | Overhauling Scroll Compressors | Capacity Control Valve Removal and Replacement | Replacing Other Compressor Components Overhauling Older Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Chapter 19 Valve, Evaporator, Condenser, and Related Parts Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Expansion Valve Failures | Orifi ce Tubes | Evaporator Pressure Control Valves | Compressor Cycling Switches | Evaporator | Condenser | Accumulator | Receiver-Drier Component Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Expansion Valves | Evaporator Pressure Control Valves | Orifi ce Tubes | Compressor Cycling Switches Evaporators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Evaporator Cleaning | Evaporator Replacement | Aft erblow Module Installation Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Condenser Cleaning | Condenser Replacement Accumulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Replacement Guidelines | Accumulator Replacement Receiver-Driers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Replacement Guidelines | Receiver-Drier Replacement | Deisccant Bag Replacement Systems with Multiple Component Units . . . . . . . . .310 Chapter 20 Heater and Engine Cooling System Service . . . 313 Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Cooling System Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Cooling System Checks Heating System Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Poor or No Heating | Too Much Heat | Coolant Leaks | Heater Problems—Air-Cooled Engine Engine Cooling System Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Overheating | Coolant Leaks | Causes of Air- Cooled Engine Overheating | Overcooling Heater Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Changing Heater Hoses and Shutoff Valves | Changing Heater Cores Contents 9