382 Auto Suspension and Steering Copyright by Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Caster and Camber—Trucks with Solid Axles Many light trucks use a solid or twin I-beam front axle, and there are no provisions for adjusting caster and camber. Th e only way to adjust caster and camber on these trucks is to replace the upper ball joint bushing with a special eccentric bushing, or sleeve. See Figure 17-49. Note: On some large trucks with solid axles, caster alignment can be adjusted by bending the axle. However, this can only be done at a shop having heavy-duty bending equipment. Before installing one of these bushings, calculate the amount of caster and camber change needed. Th en, consult the correct chart to select the needed bushing. A typical bushing application chart is shown in Figure 17-50. To install the eccentric bushing, remove the alignment head and wheel. Th en, remove the upper ball joint nut from the ball joint. Pry up on the old bushing to remove it. Install the eccentric bushing over the ball joint. Before reinstalling the nut, make sure the eccentric bushing is turned in the right direction. Th en, reinstall the ball joint nut and a new cotter pin. Reinstall the wheel and the alignment head, and recheck caster and camber. On some trucks, the bushing can be turned aft er instal- lation. If you are not sure about the exact placement of the bushing, install the nut loosely so it can be turned aft er the wheel and alignment head are reinstalled. Turn the bushing as necessary, then tighten the nut and install a new cotter pin. Toe—All Vehicles Toe-in is the most important alignment setting for tire life. Incorrect toe can also cause poor handling. An extreme toe- in or toe-out condition is the only alignment problem that can cause vibration, although this rarely happens. Th e toe must be set correctly, or adjusting the other alignment set- tings is a waste of time. To set the toe, turn the ignition switch to the on posi- tion. If the vehicle has power steering, start the engine. Th en, turn the steering wheel from side to side. Center the Positive camber Positive caster Negative camber Negative caster Front of vehicle view from top of spindle (right side) Sleeve tool Ratchet wrench Socket Axle SLEEVE Number Each Total change of camber and/or caster 23001 (7979–1/8) 1 Each .13″ (1/8″) 23002 (7979–1/4) 1 Each .25″ (1/4″) 23003 (7979–3/8) 1 Each .38″ (3/8″) 23004 (7979–1/2) 1 Each .50″ (1/2″) 23005 (7979–5/8) 1 Each .63″ (5/8″) 23006 (7979–3/4) 1 Each .75″ (3/4″) 23007 (7979–7/8) 1 Each .88″ (7/8″) 23008 (7979–1) 1 Each 1.00″ (1″) 23009 (7979–1-1/8) 1 Each 1.13″ (1-1/8″) 23010 (7979–1-1/4) 1 Each 1.25″ (1-1/4″) 23011 (7979–1-3/8) 1 Each 1.38″ (1-3/8″) 23012 (7979–1-1/2) 1 Each 1.5″ (1-1/2″) Specialty Equipment Corp. Figure 17-49. Adjusting caster and camber using special eccentric bushings. The bushings are also called sleeves. Specialty Equipment Corp. Figure 17-50. A chart listing camber and/or caster alignment sleeves. Part number and degree of alignment are shown also.