Controlling Fluid Temperature 362
Function of Heat Exchangers 363
Design and Structure of Commonly
Used Heat Exchangers 363
Determining the Need for a Heat
Exchanger 366
Chapter 13
Applying Hydraulic Power
Typical Circuits and Systems 369
Basic Circuits and Their Use in System
Analysis and Design 370
Design and Operation of Basic Pressure-
Related Circuits 370
Limiting Maximum Pressure in a
System 370
Remote Control of System
Pressure 370
Multiple Operating Pressures in a
System 372
Reduced Pressure in a System 373
Design and Operation of Basic Flow-Related
Circuits 375
Basic Flow Control Methods 376
Rapid-Advance-to-Work Circuits 379
Design and Operation of Basic Motion-
Related Circuits 382
Sequencing of Actuators 382
Synchronization of Linear
Actuators 384
Design and Operation of Circuits with Other
Functions 385
Hydraulic Motor Control 386
System Decompression 387
Safety-Related Circuits 389
Chapter 14
Compressed Air
The Energy Transmitting
Medium 393
Basic Source of System Air 394
Structure of the Atmosphere 394
Composition of Atmospheric Air 395
Pneumatic System Compressed Air 396
Compression and Expansion of Air 398
Reaction of Air to Temperature, Pressure,
and Volume 400
Pressure Variations 400
Volume Variations 400
Temperature Variations 401
Chapter 15
Source of Pneumatic Power
Compressed-Air Unit and
Compressor 405
Compressed-Air Unit 406
Classifi cation of Compressed-Air
Units 406
Components Parts and Functions 406
Basic Compressor Design 409
Basic Compressor Structure 409
Basic Compressor Operation 410
Basic Compressor Classifi cations 411
Displacement 411
Fundamental Pumping Motion 411
Compressor Design and Operation 412
Compressor Types 412
Compressor Staging 419
Compressor-Capacity Control 420
Selecting a Compressor Package 422
Chapter 16
Conditioning and Distribution of
Compressed Air
Controlling Dirt, Moisture, Temperature,
and Pressure 425
Conditioning and Storing Pneumatic
System Air 426
Dirt Removal 428
Controlling Air Temperature 429
Controlling Moisture in Compressed
Air 431
Compressed Air Storage 432
Air-Distribution System 433
Distribution System Designs 433
Sizing of Distribution System
Lines 436
Other Distribution System
Considerations 436
Contents 11