Electricity and Magnetism 65
Nature of Electricity 65
Nature of Magnetism 67
Electrical Measurement 68
Types of Electrical Current 69
Basic Electrical Circuits 70
Fluid Power Transmission 72
General Characteristics of Fluids 72
Basic Properties of Materials 73
Pressure Measurement in Fluids 74
Fluid Reactions to Pressure and
Temperature 76
Chapter 4
Fluid Power Standards and Symbols
Language of the Industry 83
Standardization 84
Defi nition of a Standard 84
Standardizing Organizations 85
Organizations Specifi cally Related to the
Fluid Power Field 89
Developing a Standard 91
Fluid Power Symbols and Circuit
Diagrams 92
Types of Symbols 92
Structure and Use of Basic Graphic
Symbols 94
Circuit Diagrams 107
Chapter 5
Safety and Health
Promoting Proper Practices 113
Workplace/Environmental
Considerations 114
Employee Factors 116
Employee Support 119
Safety and Health Training 120
Protective Clothing and Equipment 120
Emergency Care and Disaster
Planning 124
General Industrial Hazard Control
Considerations 126
Housekeeping 127
Machine Guards 128
Equipment Maintenance 129
Materials Handling 129
Specifi c Fluid Power Safety Factors 130
Factors Regarding Pressurized
Fluids 130
Factors Regarding System
Components 131
Safety Requirements and Programs 134
Chapter 6
Hydraulic Fluid
The Energy Transmitting Medium 139
Functions of a Hydraulic Fluid 140
Performance Characteristics of a Hydraulic
Fluid 141
Lubricating Power 141
Resistance to Flow 142
Viscosity Stability 143
Low-Temperature-Operating
Ability 143
Resistance to Oxidation 144
Reaction to Condensation and Other
Water 144
Resistance to Foaming 145
Resistance to Fire 145
Commonly Used Hydraulic Fluids 145
Petroleum-Based Fluids 146
Biodegradable Fluids 146
Soluble-Oil Emulsions 147
High-Water-Content Fluids 147
Fire-Resistant Fluids 147
Hydraulic Fluid Additives 149
Hydraulic Fluid Specifi cations 150
Viscosity 150
Viscosity Index 153
Specifi c and API Gravity 154
Pour Point 155
Flash and Fire Points 155
Rust Prevention 156
Corrosion and Oxidation 156
Demulsibility Characteristics 156
Foaming Characteristics 156
Lubricity and Wear-Prevention
Characteristics 157
Handling and Maintaining Hydraulic
Fluids 158
Storage and Handling of Fluids 158
System Cleanliness 159
Fluid Operating Temperature 161
Maintaining Fluid Cleanliness
and Operating Temperature 163
8 Fluid Power