xxii CHAPTER 43 Electric Heating Systems .............1192 43.1 Principles of Electric Resistance Heating ............................................. 1194 43.2 Electric Heating Elements ................ 1194 43.3 Electric Heating Systems ................. 1195 43.4 Electric Furnace and Duct Heater Controls ............................................1204 43.5 Electric Baseboard Heating Unit Controls ............................................1209 43.6 Electric Heat Construction Practices ... 1210 43.7 Electric Heating System Service ...... 1212 Section 12 Energy Management and Conservation CHAPTER 44 Solar Power and Thermal Storage .............................................1218 44.1 The Nature of Solar Energy ..............1220 44.2 Solar Collectors ................................1221 44.3 Solar Heating Systems .....................1224 44.4 Applications for Solar Heating Systems ...........................................1226 44.5 Supplementary Heat ........................1227 44.6 Converting Solar Energy to Electricity .........................................1228 44.7 Solar Energy Cooling Systems .........1232 44.8 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Systems ...........................................1234 CHAPTER 45 Energy Management ....................1244 45.1 Energy Consumption ........................1246 45.2 Energy Audits ...................................1246 45.3 Building Control Systems .................1248 45.4 Controllers for Building Control Systems ...........................................1250 45.5 Building Control Protocols ................1253 45.6 Building Control System Diagnostics and Repair .......................................1256 CHAPTER 46 Energy Conservation ....................1260 46.1 Building Efficiency ............................1262 46.2 HVAC Equipment Efficiency .............1268 46.3 HVAC Alternatives for Energy Conservation ....................................1270 46.4 The Role of the HVACR Technician ........................................ 1274 Section 13 Commercial Refrigeration Systems CHAPTER 47 Overview of Commercial Refrigeration Systems ..................1278 47.1 Applications .......................................1280 47.2 Commercial Refrigeration Systems ...........................................1282 47.3 Industrial Applications .......................1306 CHAPTER 48 Special Refrigeration Systems and Applications ...........................1310 48.1 Transportation Refrigeration ............. 1312 48.2 Alternative Refrigeration Methods ........................................... 1319 CHAPTER 49 Commercial Refrigeration System Confi gurations ...............................1332 49.1 Commercial Systems Configuration Overview ....................1334 49.2 Multiple-Evaporator Systems ............1334 49.3 Modulating Refrigeration Systems ...........................................1334 49.4 Multistage Systems ..........................1338 49.5 Secondary Loop Refrigeration System .............................................1343 Section 14 Designing Commercial Refrigeration Systems CHAPTER 50 Understanding Heat Loads and System Thermodynamics ............1348 50.1 Heat Loads .......................................1350 50.2 Thermodynamics of the Basic Refrigeration Cycle ...........................1370