154 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology tendon sheaths double-layered synovial structures surrounding tendons subject to friction given their position close to bones secrete synovial fluid to promote free motion of the tendons during joint movement Know and Understand 1. What does it mean to say that bones articulate with each other? 2. Give two examples of immovable joints and where they are found in the body. 3. Give two examples of slightly movable joints and where they are found in the body. 4. Give six examples of freely movable joints and where they are found in the body. 5. What is the purpose of articular fibrocartilage? Analyze and Apply 6. Why is it important to have a layer of cartilage between bones that articulate with each other? 7. Why do people need joints that permit little or no skeletal movement? 8. What happens when articular cartilage begins to erode from excessive wear and stress on a joint? 9. Why does the human skeleton need freely movable joints? 10. Functionally, how does a torn meniscus change the knee joint? 11. Obtain (or draw) a picture of a skeleton. Label the areas on the skeleton where these types of joints are located: sutures, syndesmoses, synchondroses, symphyses, gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket. Be prepared to explain to the class the kind of movement that each type of joint allows. 12. Obtain a model of a skeleton, or use the clay skeleton you made earlier in this chapter. Pick two each of the immovable joints, slightly movable joints, and freely movable joints, and find them on the skeleton model. Explain to the class why those joints are found where they are, relating structure to function. IN THE LAB Mini Glossary Make sure that you know the meaning of each key term. amphiarthrosis joint type that permits only slight motions articular fibrocartilage tissue shaped like a disc or partial disc called a meniscus that provides cushioning at a joint ball-and-socket joint synovial joint formed between one bone end shaped roughly like a ball and the receiving bone reciprocally shaped like a socket bursae small capsules lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid they cushion the structures they separate condyloid joint type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface diarthrosis freely movable joints also known as synovial joints gliding joint type of diarthrosis that allows only sliding motion of the articulating bones hinge joint type of diarthrosis that allows only hingelike movements in forward and backward directions ligaments bands composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connect bones to other bones pivot joint type of diarthrosis that permits rotation around only one axis saddle joint type of diarthrosis in which the articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of a riding saddle symphysis type of amphiarthrosis joint in which a thin plate of hyaline cartilage separates a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones synarthrosis fibrous joint that can absorb shock, but permits little or no movement of the articulating bones synchondrosis type of amphiarthrosis joint in which the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage syndesmosis joint at which dense, fibrous tissue binds the bones together, permitting extremely limited movement synovial joint a diarthrodial joint tendon tissue band composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connects a muscle to a bone LESSON 4.4 Review and Assessment Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.