Chapter 4 The Skeletal System 163 3. What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis? 4. Which joint in the skeleton is the most commonly sprained? 5. What happens to healthy joint tissue in a person with rheumatoid arthritis? Analyze and Apply 6. Explain how the remodeling of a bone and a stress fracture are related. 7. Why are females who participate in certain sports more vulnerable to the condition known as female athlete triad? 8. A 17-year-old soccer player has sustained several fractures to different parts of her body. When her bone density was tested, she was found to be on the low end of the normal range. What would you suggest that she do to increase her bone strength? 9. Why are epiphyseal injuries especially worrisome in children? 10. Keeping in mind the description in this chapter of mineral content and structure of the two types of bone tissue, explain why fractures in someone with osteoporosis occur most often in trabecular bone. 11. You are a healthcare worker, and you have a patient with one of the following conditions: osteoporosis, osteopenia, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, or osteoarthritis. Decide which condition your patient has and then create a treatment plan for the patient. Your plan should include a description of the disorder age groups typically affected by the disorder medications to ease pain and inflammation, if any foods to help minimize the progression of the disorder foods to omit from the diet physical activities to add to or increase in the daily routine and a workout schedule for each day of the week. Create your treatment plan in the form of a presentation. Share the presentation with the class, as though the class were your patient. Ask for and answer any questions that your “patient” might have. 12. You are a research scientist studying the effects of lifestyle choices (regarding diet and exercise) on the risks of developing osteoporosis. Your task is to create a lifestyle plan to educate people of all ages on the things they can do to lower or possibly even eliminate their risk for developing osteoporosis later in life. IN THE LAB Mini Glossary Make sure that you know the meaning of each key term. amenorrhea absence of a menstrual period in women of reproductive age anorexia nervosa condition characterized by body weight 15% or more below the minimal normal weight range, extreme fear of gaining weight, an unrealistic body image, and amenorrhea apophysis site at which a tendon attaches to bone arthritis family of more than 100 common pathologies associated with aging, characterized by joint inflammation accompanied by pain, stiffness, and sometimes swelling avulsion a fracture caused when a tendon or ligament pulls away from its attachment to a bone, taking a small chip of bone with it bulimia nervosa disordered eating that involves a minimum of two eating binges a week for at least three months an associated feeling of lack of control use of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, strict dieting, or exercise to prevent weight gain and an obsession with body image bursitis inflammation of one or more bursae dislocation injury that involves displacement of a bone from its joint socket female athlete triad a combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis fracture any break or disruption of continuity in a bone osteoarthritis degenerative disease of articular cartilage, characterized by pain, swelling, range-of-motion restriction, and stiffness osteopenia reduced bone mass without the presence of a fracture osteoporosis condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so abnormally low that regular, daily activities can result in painful fractures rheumatoid arthritis autoimmune disorder in which the body’s own immune system attacks healthy joint tissues the most debilitating and painful form of arthritis sprain injury caused by abnormal motion of the articulating bones that results in overstretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, or other connective tissues crossing a joint stress fracture tiny, painful crack in bone that results from overuse Know and Understand 1. What is an avulsion? 2. At what point in a person’s life is osteochondrosis most likely to occur? LESSON 4.5 Review and Assessment Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.