xi 12.3 Acetylene Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 12.4 Pressure Regulator Principles . . . . . . . . . . . 333 12.5 Welding Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 12.6 Flashback Arrestors and Check Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 12.7 Oxyacetylene Torch Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 12.8 Welding Tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 12.9 Welding Goggles and Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 12.10 Torch Lighters and Economizers. . . . . . . . . 348 12.11 Oxyfuel Gas Welding Supplies . . . . . . . . . . 349 Chapter 13 Oxyfuel Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 13.1 Introduction to Oxyfuel Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 13.2 The Oxyfuel Gas Welding Outfi t. . . . . . . . . 358 13.3 Welding Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 13.4 Oxyfuel Gas Welding Procedures. . . . . . . . 375 13.5 Welding Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 13.6 Welding Thick Metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 13.7 Appearance of a Good Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 13.8 Safety in Oxyfuel Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . 389 Chapter 14 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Equipment and Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 14.1 Complete Portable Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Outfi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 14.2 OFC Cutting and Cylinder Safety . . . . . . . . 396 14.3 Regulators for Oxyfuel Gas Cutting . . . . . . 397 14.4 Cutting Torches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 14.5 Torch Guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 14.6 Multiple Torches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Chapter 15 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 15.1 The Heat of Combustion of Steel. . . . . . . . . 409 15.2 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 15.3 Cutting Outfi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 15.4 Using a Cutting Torch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 15.5 Cutting Steel with an Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Torch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 15.6 Automatic Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 15.10 Safety in Oxyfuel Gas Cutting. . . . . . . . . . . 430 Chapter 16 Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 16.1 Soldering Principles and Advantages. . . . . 434 16.2 Soldering Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 16.3 Soldering Fluxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 16.4 Soldering Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 16.5 Soldering Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 16.6 Special Soldering Procedures for Non-Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 16.7 Testing and Inspecting Soldered Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 16.8 Review of Soldering Safety Practice . . . . . . 454 Chapter 17 Brazing and Braze Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 17.1 Brazing and Braze Welding Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 17.2 Joint Designs for Brazing and Braze Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 17.3 Cleaning Base Metals Prior to Brazing or Braze Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 17.4 Brazing and Braze Welding Fluxes . . . . . . . 462 17.5 Brazing Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 17.6 Brazing and Braze Welding Processes . . . . 468 17.7 Brazing or Braze Welding with Various Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 17.8 Controlled-Atmosphere Brazing Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 17.9 Heat-Resistant Brazed Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 17.10 Review of Brazing Safety Practices . . . . . . . 480 Part 7 Resistance Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 Chapter 18 Resistance Welding Equipment and Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 18.1 Electric Resistance Welding Machines . . . . 486 18.2 Transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 18.3 Force Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 18.4 Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 18.5 Contactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 18.6 Resistance Welding Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . 495 18.7 Electrode Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 18.8 Spot Welding Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 18.9 Projection Welding Equipment . . . . . . . . . . 505 18.10 Seam Welding Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 18.11 Flash and Upset Welding Machines . . . . . . 506 18.12 Special Resistance Welding Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 18.13 Care of Resistance Welding Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Chapter 19 Resistance Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 19.1 Principles of Resistance Welding. . . . . . . . . 513 19.2 Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) . . . . . . . . . 514 19.3 Projection Welding (PW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 19.4 Resistance Seam Welding (RSEW) . . . . . . . 527 19.5 Flash Welding (FW). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 19.6 Upset Welding (UW). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 19.7 High-Frequency Resistance Welding . . . . . 531 19.8 Review of Resistance Welding Safety. . . . . 531