Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 112 Chapter Review Summary■ ■ Reading a rule accurately to 1/16″ is done by finding the nearest 1/4″ mark and adding or subtracting 1/16″ to obtain the dimension. ■ ■■ When adding or subtracting fractions, the denominators of both fractions must be equal. ■■ The constant used to calculate the travel of a 45° offset is 1.414. ■■ The area of a rectangle is equal to length (L) × width (W). ■■ The area of a circle is equal to pi (3.14) × radius squared (r2). ■■ The volume of a rectangular tank is equal to length (L) × width (W) × height (H). ■■ The volume of a cylinder equals pi × radius squared (r2) × height (H). ■■ When calculating area or volume, all measurements must be in the same units. ■ Meter, centimeter, and millimeter are used in metric measurements instead of yards, feet, and inches. ■ ■■ To convert meters to feet, multiply by 0.3048. ■■ For temperature, the metric system uses Celsius rather than Fahrenheit. ■ To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9. Know and Understand Answer the following questions using the information provided in this chapter. 1. True or False? The fastest and easiest way to measure parts of an inch is by counting the number of spaces. 2. In order to subtract fractions, they must all have common _____. A. numerators B. denominators C. values D. measurements 3. The _____ theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle is equal to the sums of the squares of the other two sides. A. trigonometric B. binomial C. measurement D. Pythagorean 4. True or False? Trigonometric functions give the ratio between parts of a triangle. 5. The laying _____ of a fitting is the amount a pipe must be shortened to make the pipe and fittings assembly equal to the theoretical length. A. circumference B. diameter C. length D. radius 6. In plumbing language, the hypotenuse is called the _____. A. offset B. travel C. run D. sine 7. True or False? The length of a pipe to be cut is greater than travel. 8. _____ = πr2, or .7854d2 A. Area B. Volume C. Depth D. Height 9. True or False? To find the volume of a cylindrical tank, multiply length by width by height. 10. True or False? Horizontal runs of sewer and drainpipe must slope to permit flow and prevent blockage. 11. True or False? The metric system does not mix units. 12. The degree _____ is equal to 14/5 _____ degree. A. Fahrenheit, Celsius B. Kelvin, Celsius C. Celsius, Fahrenheit D. Celsius, Kelvin Apply and Analyze 1. Convert the following dimensions to inches. A. 1′ B. 2′ C. 3′ 2. Convert the following dimensions given in inches to their equivalent in feet and inches. A. 92 3/8″ B. 35 1/2″ C. 23″ 3. Add or subtract the following pairs of numbers. A. 18 1/2 + 1 1/2 B. 6 1/4 + 1 1/2 C. 12 3/8 – 3/4 D. 16 1/8 – 1 1/2