Chapter 2 Determining the Need for Child Care
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The teacher is primarily an observer and demonstrator of the equipment. Each
piece of equipment is to be used in a specific way. When a child shows a readiness to
move on, the teacher introduces the child to a more complicated piece of equipment.
Montessori teachers have specific training in this method. The Montessori approach
has some similarities to NAEYC’s developmentally appropriate practices. Both
emphasize respect for each child as a unique individual. Both view children as eager
learners. However, the two philosophies differ considerably in approach to the day-
to-day experiences of the children.
Behaviorist Programs
Behaviorist programs have been developed from a psychological theory known
as the scientific analysis of behavior or, more commonly, behaviorism. This philos-
ophy focuses on observable behavior. It does not identify stages of development.
Children’s learning is believed to occur as they have ever widening and more
complicated interactions with the environment. Behaviors that bring about positive
reactions from the child’s point of view, are likely to be repeated. Those behaviors
that have negative consequences for the child become less likely to reappear.
Programs following this philosophy have characteristics that include
• specific behavioral goals that focus on children’s cognitive behavior
• teacher-directed and -controlled activities
• little time for free choice of activities
• minimal use of play as a teaching tool
• a reward system that encourages conformity to teacher expectations
Behaviorist teachers typically do not attempt to identify the underlying causes of
any child’s particular behaviors. They are focused on shaping each child’s responses
more closely toward the classroom’s identified goals. The behaviorist classrooms are
highly structured and teacher controlled. Equipment is less varied than in other
types of classrooms.
Research has indicated some successes with this approach, particularly in the
field of special education. Research also suggests there may be some negative social
consequences associated with this approach.
As the owner of a program, you must decide on the type of philosophy your pro-
gram will offer. If you are hired to operate a program, the philosophy may have
already been chosen by the owner or board of directors. Your satisfaction in working
with children will be greatly affected by how comfortable you are in implementing
the program’s philosophy.
Special Purpose Programs
A number of programs exist to meet the needs of particular groups of children
and families. These programs vary considerably.