x Focus on Certifi cation Computer Service and Repair is designed with certifi cation in mind. Th is text has been updated to refl ect current programs, systems, and practices in the information technology industry. It also adheres to the CompTIA A+ Core 1 and Core 2 Exam Objectives, ensuring students are up to date with the most recent testing domains. Learning Outcomes At the beginning of each chapter, a list of Learning Outcomes guide student learning as they read the ma- terial presented. Each outcome is aligned with a content heading, as well as with a summary bullet point and re- view question at the end of the chapter. Th is alignment provides a logical fl ow through each page of the material so that students may build on individual knowledge as they progress through the chapters. A+ Objectives CompTIA A+ Certifi cation Exam Objectives are listed in the opening of each chapter to engage students and highlight important testing points presented in the con- tent. Students can use the list of objectives as a checklist, verifying their understanding of the A+ standards as pre- sented in the material. In addition, objectives are noted by an icon in the margin where material is covered and provides a visual clue as to where each objective is met. Tech Tip Th e Tech Tip feature highlights supplemental infor- mation about practical application of networking concepts. Th ese tips vary in their scope, ranging from simple synonyms or defi nitions of discussed material to real-world advice that provides students with insight that will help in their assignments and careers.