XII Engineering Fundamentals
Chapter 4
Researching Designs ................54
Sketches ...............................................56
Sketching Process ........................................57
Researching Ideas ...............................61
Historical Research .....................................61
Experimental Research ...............................66
Trade-Offs .............................................67
Selecting the Best Approach ..............68
Analyze Data ................................................68
Final Selection ..............................................69
Chapter 5
Communicating Solutions ......72
Engineering Drawings .........................75
Working Drawings ...............................75
Detail Drawings ..........................................75
Assembly Drawings ....................................76
Schematic Drawings ...................................76
Drawing Classifi cations ......................77
Orthographic Drawings .............................77
Pictorial Drawings ......................................80
Drawing Guidelines .............................83
Symbols .........................................................83
Line Types .....................................................84
Scale ...............................................................84
Dimensions ...................................................85
Industry Guidelines .............................86
Chapter 6
Modeling, Testing, and Final
Outputs .......................................88
Modeling ...............................................90
Mathematical Modeling .............................90
Physical Modeling ......................................93
Computer Modeling ...................................94
Predictive Analysis ..............................98
Testing ..................................................99
Function .........................................................99
Fit ..................................................................100
Aesthetics ....................................................101
Safety ...........................................................101
Environmental Impact ..............................102
Engineering Economics ....................103
Final Outputs ......................................103
Final Project Report ..................................103
Oral Presentation .......................................106
Production Documents .............................106
Design Improvement .........................106
Chapter 7
Materials Engineering ............108
Professional Aspects ........................ 111
Principles of Materials
Engineering .................................... 113
Material Types............................................ 113
Material Properties ....................................120
Material Engineering Applications ...126
Material Testing .........................................126
Nanotechnology .........................................128
Materials Engineering in Action .......131
Chapter 8
Electrical Engineering ............134
Professional Aspects ........................136
Electrical Engineering Principles .....136
Electricity on the Atomic Level ...............137
Static Electricity .........................................138
Electricity through a Conductor .............138
Sources of Electricity ................................138
Characteristics and Measurements ........141
Laws .............................................................142
Applications ...............................................144
Basic Circuits ..............................................144
Circuit Components ..................................146
Component Platforms ..............................154