Chapter 7 Verbal and Written Communications 149
example), eye contact may seem disrespectful and rude. Women in some
cultures may especially avoid eye contact with men as it could be taken as
a sign of sexual interest.
Proxemics
Proxemics is the study of our use of space. Proxemics can be divided
into two categories: physical territory (rooms and furniture arrangements)
and personal territory (the distance you keep between yourself and others).
Personal territory is the area surrounding a person that they psycho-
logically regard as their own. Most people value their personal territory
and feel uncomfortable, angry, or anxious when another person enters, or
“invades,” their personal territory (Figure 7.11). How much you permit
another person to enter into your personal territory, or to what degree you
enter somebody else’s personal territory, can reveal your relationship with
another person. Understanding the concept of personal territory when
working with patients, staff, and visitors increases your ability to provide
the best possible care.
There are four types of personal territory. These include intimate space,
personal space, social space, and public space (Figure 7.12).
The size of an individual’s personal territory can vary by locale. People
living in a densely populated area tend to have a smaller personal terri-
tory, whereas people living in less crowded areas may have a much larger
personal territory. What is considered intimate space in one culture may fi t
another culture’s description of social space.
Men and women may also differ in their personal territory require-
ments. Women tend to stand close to others, while men seek more personal
territory. However, men may be more likely to invade another’s personal
territory if necessary when asserting themselves during disagreements or
emergencies.
proxemics
the study of humans’ use
of space; includes physi-
cal territory and personal
territory
jayfi sh/Shutterstock.com
Figure 7.11 Has this
woman’s space been violated?
Does she seem comfortable
with his touch?
Proxemics
Personal Territory Reserved For Distance
intimate space signifi cant others, children, close family 18 inches or less
personal space friends, work associates 1.5–4 feet
social space new acquaintances, strangers 4–12 feet
public space speeches, lectures, and theater Greater than12 feet
Figure 7.12 Distances of personal territory can vary among cultures as well as individuals.