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94
Chapter 6
Making Design
Solutions
Check Your Engineering IQ
Before you read this chapter, assess your current understanding of the chapter content by taking the chapter pretest.
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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
✔ Explain how physical models are used in the design of technological products and systems.
✔ Recall the categories of production tools.
✔ Describe the characteristics and types of machine tools.
✔ Contrast the US customary and the metric measurement systems.
✔ Differentiate between standard and precision measurements.
✔ Describe how common measuring tools are used to measure linear distances, diameters, and angles.
✔ Explain the relationship between measurement and quality control.
Technical Terms
arbors
band saws
broach
chucks
circular saws
computer
cutting motion
cylindrical grinder
direct-reading
measurement tools
drilling machines
feed motion
Forstner bits
grinding machines
indirect-reading
measurement tools
lathes
linear motion
machine tools
material processing
measurement
metric system
micrometer
mock-up
planing machines
precision measurement
prototype
quality control
reciprocating motion
rotary motion
rule
sawing machines
scale model
scroll saws
shaping machines
spade bits
square
standard measurement
surface grinder
turning machines
twist drills
US customary system
Close Reading
As you read this chapter, make an outline of the various types of production and measurement tools and note how
each can play a role in producing a physical model of a design solution.
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Assess
Practice
Illustrations have
been designed to
clearly and simply
communicate
the specific topic.
Illustrations have been
completely replaced
and updated for this
edition.
Technical Terms
appear in bold italics
where they are
defined.
STEM Connections
provide information
on topics relevant to
chapter materials that
connects the content
to science, technology,
engineering, or math.
20
Foundations of Engineering & Technology
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Hammers are also used to remove nails. This
requires the exertion of heavy pressure. Using their
knowledge of mathematics and science, early engineers
looked to mechanical advantage to develop a way to
remove nails. Mechanical advantage is a measure of e
the ability to amplify the amount of effort exerted using
some type of mechanical device. Using mathematical
practices to calculate mechanical advantage, engineers
solved the problem by adding a claw to the back of
the hammer, The claw is used as a lever,
amplifying the ability to pry a nail out of the material
without exerting a great deal of effort. This process of
developing and improving technologies using knowl-
edge of mathematics and science is engineering.
OlegSam/Shutterstock.com
An example of mechanical advantage is using
the claw on a hammer to remove a nail.
STEM Connection:
Science and Mathematics
Calculating Mechanical Advantage
Tools and machines are developed to extend human capabilities by achieving
mechanical advantage. Recall that mechanical advantage is a measure of the
ability to amplify the effort exerted using some type of mechanical device. When
greater mechanical advantage is achieved, greater tasks can be accomplished.
Determining the best ways to achieve mechanical advantage when using machines
requires scientific knowledge of materials and forces and mathematical abilities to
understand and calculate the level of mechanical advantage achieved.
Tools and machines are classified as one or more of six simple machines. Simple
machines are the most basic mechanisms used to change a force being exerted to achieve
some type of task. The six simple machines are the lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, e e
wedge, pulley, and screw. The claw found on a hammer or an adze is used to remove nails.
It is considered a lever because it provides leverage to remove nails. A lever is comprised of
a rigid bar that rests on a fulcrum, or a pivot point, to make moving objects easier.
Claws achieve mechanical advantage by converting
a small input force into a larger output force. Mechanical
advantage is calculated as a ratio of output force to
the input force. Therefore, if a claw produces an output
force 10 times greater than the force applied, it has a
mechanical advantage of 10. To calculate the estimated
mechanical advantage of a lever, use this formula:
mechanical advantage (MA) =
effort arm length
load arm length
The effort arm length is the distance between the
spot where effort is applied and the fulcrum. The load
arm length is the distance between the load that will be
moved and the fulcrum. See Figure A. The effort arm
length is 5″ and the load arm length is 1/2″, ″ providing a
mechanical advantage of 10. This means that the claw
multiplies the input force exerted 10 times.
Load
Effort
Fulcrum
Load arm
½ inch
Effort arm
5 inches
cagi/Shutterstock.com
Figure A. Calculating the mechanical advantage of
a lever.
Technology Explained
3-D printer: A device that produces three-dimensional
le created
using computer-aided design software.
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are changing
the way products
produced.
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printing
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produce
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Civili
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civilizatioit
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cultur
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t r aditions
and
religions,
and
resou
rces of cer
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geo
r
and
development
in f luenced
the practices
and
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f
or planning
and
producing
their
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shaped the way structur
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the methods
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e built dur
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around
the
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structure,
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f f
from
an ancient
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carried
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to
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ructures
wasespect
under the di
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priest
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gods.
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R architecture followed
their
societies’
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They
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ma
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unicipal and
governmental
activities.
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of different
materials
be
tween
the societies
ma
kes it possible t
o distinguish
betwo
tween
their
architecture.
Connection:untiletplapulledaiisonplasticoftederplasticyaelttheial
History
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Academic Connections A Academic Connections A provide information provide infor ma tion
on topics relevant to chapter materials that o
connects the content to communication, c
history, literacy, and essay writing. h
chuc
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requires the ex
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