400 Graphic Communications
paper out of landfi lls. Another benefi t of recycling is
the saving of trees. It also takes less energy to make
pulp out of a sheet of paper than a log.
Chain of Custody
The chain of custody is the process of tracking
and recording the possession and transfer of wood
and fi ber from forests of origin, through the different
stages of production, to the end user. This means
that the responsibility now includes paper merchants,
printers, agencies, and independent designers. The
Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) and the Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC) are two programs
that authenticate that the fi ber source comes from
responsibly managed forests.
Standards
Professionals and biologists are managing
the forests to be in compliance with the standards
of the SFI program. The FSC was established to
create an honest and credible system for identifying
well-managed forests. The Chlorine Free Products
Association (CFPA) is a not-for-profi t accreditation
and standard-setting organization. The standards
relate to the reduction of energy and water
consumption, eliminating harmful toxins, provide a
chain of custody for all fi bers, and reviewing social,
environmental and fi nancial responsibility of their
products and services.
Summary
The surface of many materials has the capability
of being printed on to give a visible image. Although
paper is the most commonly used substrate, plastics
and metal have favorable surfaces. The papermaking
process requires consistency so that the surface of
the stock allows true repeatability of an image. Many
types of paper are needed to produce a variety of
products. It is essential to know the characteristics
of paper when printing as all designed products may
not be suitable for a selected stock. Knowledge of
the quality of paper is also essential. Federal and
state regulations have forced major changes within
the manufacturing process as well as sustainable
forestry and certifi cation.
Review Questions
Please do not write in this book. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. List three common materials used as printing
substrates.
2. Most paper manufactured in the U.S. is made on
what machine?
3. What is the raw material used to make paper?
4. _____ is added to the pulp to make paper
moisture-resistant. _____ are added to improve
opacity, brightness, smoothness, and ink
receptivity.
5. The process that impresses a translucent
design in paper is _____.
A. watermarking
B. calendering
C. furnishing
D. embossing
6. _____ paper is smoother, stronger, and yields a
better image than _____ paper.
7. What are two alternatives to using chlorine gas
to bleach paper?
8. What characteristic is contained by machine-
made papers?
9. How many sheets are in a ream of paper?
10. What is the formula for determining basis
weight?
11. How many sheets of 8″ × 10″ can be cut out of
a 17″ × 22″ sheet?
12. What color of paper is essential for true process
color reproduction?
13. Print _____ is an important factor affecting
hickeys or specks on the printed image.
14. The _____ of paper affects whether the paper
will exhibit an undesirable problem called _____.
15. Which plastic substrate is typically used to make
identifi cation cards and credit cards?
16. Explain the role of the chain of custody.
Suggested Activities
1. Explore the possibility of making handmade
paper.
2. Using a rubber stamp, place the stamp image
on seven different substrate surfaces. Analyze
the effect of the stamp on each surface of the
various substrates.