2.2.10 Repair or Replace? Repairing box-end, open-end, or combination wrenches is not recommended. Such wrenches should be discarded and replaced if they have bent handles, rounded or damaged box points, or jaws that are spread, nicked, or battered. Ratchets and adjustable wrenches often can be repaired by replacing the damaged parts. However, an adjustable wrench with a bent handle or a fixed jaw that is spread or damaged should be discarded and replaced. Also discard and replace bent socket wrench handles and extensions, and cracked or battered sockets. Safety Note Repair or Replace Worn out or broken tools are neither safe nor efficient. They can be dangerous to the user and those working nearby. Repair or replace worn tools as required. The cost of a new tool is small when compared to the cost of an injury or of time wasted by substandard performance. 2.3 Pliers Pliers are used to grip, cut, crimp, hold, or bend various materials. Each type does its partic- ular job better than another type. Choosing the correct type of pliers improves efficiency. 2.3.1 Lineman’s Pliers Lineman’s pliers, also called side-cutting pliers, are a heavy-duty tool available in various sizes, Figure 2-13. These pliers have a strong side- cutting feature for cutting large wires and should be in every technician’s tool kit. 2.3.2 Long-Nose Pliers Long-nose pliers, Figure 2-14, are available in three nose designs: needle, round, and flat (some- times called “duck bill”). They allow the technician to reach into tight places and perform work that reach between the socket and its handle. They are available in different lengths and can be combined for even greater reach. Extension bars permit reaching fasteners that are surrounded by other parts. A universal joint is a type of swivel that permits reaching around objects. It is used between the socket and drive handle and can be used with an extension bar. Do not use the universal joint at an extremely sharp angle. A sharp angle places excessive stress on the swivel. 2.2.9 Using Wrenches Safely • Never use a wrench to do the job of another tool. • Never use a wrench opening that is too large for the fastener. • Never push a wrench beyond its capacity. Quality wrenches are designed and sized to keep leverage and intended load (torque) in safe balance. The safest wrench is a box or socket type because it is less likely to slip off the bolt head. • Never expose a wrench to excessive heat. • Never push on a wrench unless absolutely necessary. Always pull on a wrench to protect your knuckles. If you must push, use the open palm of your hand, with fingers slightly curled. • Never cock or tilt an open-end wrench. • Never depend on plastic-dipped handles for protection against electrical shock. These handles provide comfort and a firm grip, not shock protection. Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 2-12. Extension bars are used, singly or in com- bination, to allow tightening or removing of fasteners that otherwise could not be reached. Chapter 2 Hand Tools 21 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.