100 Horticulture Today
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and tied with twine. This serves to protect the roots during transport. When
a plant is harvested using the bare root (BR) method, all soil is removed
from the plant’s root system. The roots may be covered with a plastic bag
for shipping purposes. Pot-in-pot (PNP) is a method in which a plant is
grown in a pot and that pot is placed in another pot that has been sunk into
the ground. The system makes watering and moving the plant easier than
growing the plant in the ground, and eliminates the problem of the wind
knocking over plants in pots sitting on top of the ground.
The method of cultivation depends on what the landscape industry
demands and what the public wants. A landscaper may prefer B&B plants
because with this method plants or trees of large size can be planted on a
landscape site. Bare root plants are easy to ship through the mail to customers
across the country. The public may desire plants grown solely in containers
because of convenience and transportation issues. The nursery must meet the
objectives of all the customers it serves.
Nursery Growers
Nursery growers (often called nurserymen) work in outdoor settings that
may include some greenhouse or shade-bearing structures. A nursery grower
must understand how to propagate (grow plants from seeds or other methods,
such as rootings or cuttings), cultivate, and prepare plants for market.
A nursery grower usually manages a team of workers. The job is labor
intensive and requires a great deal of lifting and moving of plants. Accurate
recordkeeping is critical to a successful nursery. In addition to fi nancial
records, growers must keep track of planting, fertilizing, and watering
schedules. Growers must be able to reduce or solve problems caused by pests
or diseases using proper diagnosis and treatment options.
Randy Beaudry
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Dr. Randy Beaudry has worked at Michigan State
University assessing and improving the quality of harvested
fruits since 1989. He works with Michigan fruit growers
who cultivate tomatoes, blueberries, strawberries, and
apples. Beaudry and his lab members work to develop
technology used to improve fruit quality and prolong shelf
life. Dr. Beaudry has also performed packaging studies and
developed mathematical models to predict performance of
packaged produce.
Professor Beaudry was given Michigan State University’s
service award for his incredible impact on the apple industry
in the state of Michigan. He works with growers to help
improve their apple crops and the postharvest technologies
associated with this American fruit favorite.
Career Connection Career Connection
Michigan State University Postharvest Professor
814 Horticulture Today
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AgEd Connection AgEd Connection
As part of a career development event, students must identify certain common pests and/or the
symptoms and damage they cause. The pest may be presented as an intact specimen, with a photograph,
or as a preserved specimen (insect mount). Some of the common greenhouse and nursery pests that
may be included on the identification list include aphids, bagworms, borers, leafhoppers, leaf miners,
scale, spider mites, snails, slugs, whiteflies, and white grubs. Use the illustrated glossary (page 924) and
the e-flashcards on your textbook’s student companion website at www.g-wlearning.com/agriculture to
help you study and identify these common pests.
Shipher Wu (photograph) and Gee-way Lin
(aphid provision), National Taiwan University
Aphid
Steve Heap/Shutterstock.com
Bagworm case
Henrik Larsson/Shutterstock.com
Borer and wood damage
YapAhock/Shutterstock.com
Leafhopper
topimages/Shutterstock.com
Leaf miner
Decha Thapanya/Shutterstock.com
Scale
D. Kucharski K. Kucharska/Shutterstock.com
Spider mite damage
Alexander Raths/Shutterstock.com
Snail
Lisa S./Shutterstock.com
Slug
D. Kucharski K. Kucharska/Shutterstock.com
Whitefly
fotosav/Shutterstock.com
White grub
Savo Ilic/Shutterstock.com
Snail/slug damage
Pests and Disorders Identifi cation
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900 Horticulture Today
Plant Identifi
cation
alybaba/Shutterstock.com Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH/Shutterstock.com
ukmooney/Shutterstock.com; Frank11/Shutterstock.com Abelia x grandiflora
(Glossy Abelia)
Abies concolor
(White Fir)
Acer palmatum cv. (Japanese Maple)
Jonathon Billinger;
Anatoly Vlasov/Shutterstock.com Ftlombardo; Richard A. McQuirk/Shutterstock.com Melinda Fawver/Shutterstock.com
Acer platanoides
cv. (Norway Maple)
Acer rubrum cv. (Red Maple)
Acer saccharum
cv. (Sugar Maple)
The following plant identifi
cation glossary contains more than 100 plants (ranging from smaller
fl owering specimens, to shrubs, and trees) commonly grown and used in landscaping applications.
This illustrated glossary has been provided to help you familiarize yourself with these plants, and as a
means of studying for career development events in which plant identifi
cation is a major component. To help you identify the plants, each entry includes the botanical/scientifi
c name and at least one common name. This glossary is by no means all-inclusive, as there are innumerable varieties and
cultivars available to growers everywhere. However, it contains a good variety for you to begin
your studies. Use this glossary, as well as the e-fl
ashcards on your textbook’s companion website at
www.g-wlearning.com/agriculture
to help you study and identify these common plants.
Chapter 16 Grafting and Budding 419
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Approach grafting is used when establishing a graft union between plants
that are diffi cult to graft. Often, approach grafting occurs between two plants
growing in containers. For woody material, this type of grafting should be
done when plants are actively growing and rapid healing of the graft union
can occur. Approach grafting has been used to graft squash seedlings to
promote disease resistance.
Side-Veneer Grafting
Side-veneer grafting is a plant-joining method in which a fl ap of bark is
removed from the side of a plant stem (rather than the top of the rootstock as
in other grafting methods) and a scion is attached to the cut area. Cut off the
top of the rootstock plant after the graft has healed. In the nursery industry, a
side-veneer graft was historically used to graft plants that are diffi cult to root,
such as camellias and rhododendrons. Today, the side-veneer graft provides
a means for grafting dwarf or compact conifers onto a rootstock. Follow these
steps to complete a side-veneer graft:
1. Prepare the stock. Side-veneer grafting is done on potted plants.
Rootstocks are selected from dormant plant material and brought into
a cool greenhouse to foster root growth. Cut downward about 3/4″–1″
(2 cm–2.5 cm) at the base of the stem to reveal a bark fl ap that still
has some wood attached. Then remove the fl ap by cutting at its base,
Figure 16-18A.
2. Prepare the scion. Select a scion that matches the diameter of the
rootstock. Make a slanting cut 3/4″–1″ (2 cm–2.5 cm) long at base of
the scion, Figure 16-18B.
3. Insert the scion. Align the cambial of the scion’s cut surface with
the cut surface of the rootstock.
4. Secure the graft. Secure the scion, Figure 16-18C. Cover the graft with
grafting wax. Once the graft has healed, remove the bindings..sg
Did You Know?
Grafting is practiced
in the craft of Bonsai.
It is used to introduce
a branch where it is
needed, place smaller
foliage into a tree that
has large leaves that
are difficult to reduce,
and add “roots” to a
specimen.
“Grafting
is one of
the oldest of the
arts of plant
craft.”
Hyde
Bailey
A
Cut rootstock
Cut scionn
Rootstockk
Scionn
B C
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher
Figure 16-18. Preparing a side-veneer graft. A—Make a vertical cut in the bark of the
rootstock. B—Make a slanted cut at the base of the scion. C—Align the cambial layers of
the rootstock and scion and secure the graft.
T oday, the side-veneer graft provides
c onifers onto a rootstock. Follow these
ting is ttypically y picall y done on potted plants.
ant plant material and brou ght into
o wth. Cut downward about 3/4 ″ –1 ″ ″
m to reveal a bark fl ap that still fl
move the fl ap by cutting at its base, fl
at matches the diameter o f the
–1 ″ (2 cm–2.5 cm) lon g at tthe he base of ″
llayers ayers o f the scion’s cut surface with
ig ure 16-18 C . Cover the g raft with
a led, remove the bindin
“
G raftin g is one of
t h e ol dest o f t h e
a rts of pl ant craft.
”
—Libert y H y de
Bailey
R ootstoc
S cio
C
G oodheart-Willcox Publisher
A —Make a vertical cut in the bark o f the
of the scion. C—Ali gn the cambial layers of
Chapter 20 Twenty-First Century Horticulture 515
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Aquaculture farming systems range in size, complexity, and crops grown
just as any other farming ventures do. Many growers consider aquaculture
one of the solutions to dwindling land availability and an increasing need for
food by a growing population.
History of Aquaponics
Aquaculture has been around for centuries. However, aquaponics
and the cultivation practices used today rest on the research of the 1970s.
Several institutions pioneered science and practices that enable aquaponics
to thrive today.
Bell
siphon
Plants
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter
Nitrospira
Bacteria turn
ammonia—Liberty
into nitrite
Water is returned with
ammonia removed
Growing
Bed
Nitrate is absorbed
by the plants along
with other nutrients
Bacteria turns nitrite
into nitrate
Food
Tilapia
Fish effluent
Electric
sump pump
Fish waste and uneaten food
turns into ammonia
Rearing
Tank
Nitrate
Nitrite
Ammonia
Moriz/Shutterstock.com; Chalintra.B/Shutterstock.com
Figure 20-8.
An aquaponic system uses five main elements in the production of food.
Fish and plants are the products while oxygen, water, and bacteria (along with fish effluent)
act to produce the two crops.
Corner Question
What is a Brix scale?
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Career Connection features introduce
students to people in a variety of careers
in the horticulture industry.
AgEd Connection features introduce students
to the exciting world of leadership and personal
development opportunities including career
development events in a variety of areas.
Did You Know?
features point out
interesting and helpful
facts about the
agricultural industry.
Illustrations
have been
designed to
clearly and simply
communicate the
specific topic.
Illustrated glossaries covering
plants, equipment and supplies,
pests and disorders, diseases,
and weeds.