Chapter 8 Elements and Principles of Interior Design 227 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. enclosed spaces. This makes investigating a home or commercial building exciting or, at times, bewildering. Large and small spaces have an appeal to clients. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Small spaces ■ offer feelings of comfort and security ■ become places for solitude that are personalized ■ establish territory and ownership ■ can be restricting or confining Large spaces ■ enhance a sense of freedom ■ invite more people ■ allow larger movements and actions ■ offer flexibility for change ■ can create feelings of insecurity An interior designer can use many different architec- tural elements to define space without the use of four walls as physical boundaries. A designer can ■ add a half-wall ■ include columns ■ add a step up or down ■ mark boundaries on a floor (area rug) ■ interlace different spaces together B A Figure 8-13 Boundaries help shape a space. How are boundaries created in the restaurant space (A) and the offi ce space (B)? Dorian C. Shy/Shutterstock.com Haworth, Inc. Photograph: David O. Marlow/Interiors by Associates III Interior Design Figure 8-14 The size of openings impacts the human sense of containment. Describe how the interior designer creates a sense of openness in this space.