234 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
12. Communication between cells occurs through
direct transfer of electrical signals. The point at
which this transfer occurs is called the _____.
13. A rapid, involuntary, programmed response to a
stimulus is known as a(n) _____.
14. _____ refl exes send involuntary stimuli to the
cardiac muscle of the heart and the smooth
muscle of internal organs.
Thinking Critically
15. Recalling what you have learned about nerve
impulses, how do you think each of the following
substances affects conduction speeds: caffeine,
sedatives, and energy drinks?
16. If a person has extremely low blood calcium
levels, will that affect the transmission of
electrical signals from one cell to another?
Explain your answer.
Lesson 6.3
Functional Anatomy of the Central
Nervous System
Learning Key Terms and Concepts
17. The adult human brain weighs approximately
_____ pounds, and it contains about _____
neurons.
18. True or False? Recent evidence suggests that
the size of a person’s brain does have some
relationship to intelligence.
19. Each curved, raised area of the brain is called a
_____.
A. sulcus
B. gyrus
C. white matter
D. lobe
20. Each of the grooves between the gyri in the
brain is called a(n) _____.
21. The four lobes of the brain are the _____, _____,
_____, and _____.
22. The diencephalon is also called the _____.
A. interbrain
B. middle brain
C. left brain
D. outer brain
23. The three protective membranes that surround
the brain are called the _____.
Thinking Critically
24. If one component or structure in the brain gets
damaged, do you think the other structures can
compensate enough for the person to function
fairly normally? Explain your answer.
25. Examine the importance of the blood-brain
barrier. Explain what you think would happen
if this protective measure was no longer in
place.
Lesson 6.4
Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Learning Key Terms and Concepts
26. In a nerve, each axon fi ber is covered by a fi ne
sheath called the _____.
27. Groups of these sheathed fi bers are bundled
into fascicles surrounded by the _____.
28. Groups of fascicles and blood vessels are
surrounded by the _____.
29. Mixed nerves carry both _____ impulses and
_____ impulses.
30. The body has how many pairs of cranial nerves?
31. The body has how many pairs of spinal nerves?
32. Spinal nerves are divided into a(n) _____ ramus
and a(n) _____ ramus.
33. The parasympathetic nervous system controls
all of the automatic functions of the _____, _____,
and _____ systems.
Thinking Critically
34. Explain what happens physiologically when the
fi ght-or-fl ight response is activated in the body.
Lesson 6.5
Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous
System
Learning Key Terms and Concepts
35. Name at least fi ve symptoms of mild traumatic
brain injury.
36. True or False? Cerebral palsy can be caused by
several disorders or conditions.
37. Meningitis is infl ammation of the _____ that
surround the brain and spinal cord.
38. True or False? Multiple sclerosis (MS) is
considered an autoimmune disease.
39. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive loss of
brain function with consequences for _____,
thinking, and _____.
Thinking Critically
40. Evaluate the cause and effect of cerebral palsy
on the structure and function of cells, tissues,
organs, and systems.
41. Explain the range of problems that can result
from injuries to different parts of the spinal
column.
42. Evaluate the cause and effect of TBI on the
structure and function of cells, tissues, organs,
and systems.