THINK SEC T ION 1.2 How have developments in software made computer programming easier to perform? I BM is the current version of a series of early computing companies and a world leader in computer software and hardware. It was created by Thomas J. Watson. Watson’s famous slogan THINK has encouraged work- ers to imagine and create new ideas in computing since 1911. In 1992, IBM’s Personal Computer Division based the name of the ThinkPad notebook on the slogan. An adaptation of the slogan is Apple’s motto, "Think different." The THINK motto and its various forms acknowledges a fundamental difference between humans and computers. It is humans who must do the thinking for computers and then tell the computer what to do. This is the embodiment of computational thinking. Software is the result of computer programing. Some people refer to the instructions in a computer programs as code. No matter how it is referred to, it is software that makes the computer do something. Many key advance- ments have been made by great thinkers that resulted in today’s rich computing environment. This section follows the development of the programming side of computing. Learning Goals After completing this section, you will be able to: • Describe the development of programming languages. • Diagram the software-development lifecycle. • List seven traits of successful programmers. Terms COBOL Java object object-oriented coding platform software development lifecycle Brief History of Software Many computing machines have been created over the years to perform a single task. Each of these early machines required the hardware be modified to change the task performed. It was not until the mid-19th century that a set of ex- ternal instructions was written for a computing device. That is often marked as the beginning of computer programming. Incremental improvements advanced the endeavor to what is being used today to program computers. Ada Lady Lovelace In the mid-1800s, Charles Babbage designed what is considered to be the first computer with an instruction set. He called the machine the Analytical Engine. Ada Lady Lovelace prepared a program of instructions for this device to calculate Bernoulli Numbers. Sadly, machine tools in the 19th century were not able to mill the gears of this machine precisely enough. The engine was not completed at that time. A century later, manufacturing technology had sufficiently advanced. Engi- neers followed Babbage’s design and produced a working version of the Analyti- cal Engine. The code written by Lovelace was used. The engine ran perfectly. Many name Lovelace as the first computer programmer. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 1 Computational Thinking 13