Chapter Summary Section 1.1: Computational Thinking • Computers cannot create original thought as humans can, and to program a computer a human must think in the same way a computer processes information. • Computational thinking is expressing actions in a way a computer can execute and consists of decomposing, recognizing patterns, generalizing patterns, and writing an algorithm. • Computational thinking is a subset of the problem-solving process, which involves understanding the problem statement, studying the causes of the problem, brainstorming solutions, identifying and implementing a solution, and verifying the solution solved the problem. Section 1.2: THINK • The first external instructions for a computing device were written in the mid-19th century, which is often marked as the beginning of computer programming, and software was developed through the years by individuals such as Ada Lovelace, Herman Hollerith, Grace Hopper, and today’s computer scientists. • Software has a lifecycle that begins with the original concept and continues through design and development, release and all following upgrades, and removal or retirement most software written today is based in an object- oriented programming language to allow cross- platform compatibility. • Successful programmers have a positive attitude, are great communicators, are good time managers, are quick learners, have broad technical experience, work well with a team, and put importance on the end user as well as have the basic beliefs a problem has a solution that can be found, are computational thinkers, and are relentless checkers. Chapter 1 Test Multiple Choice Select the best response. 1. Which type of processing can only be done by humans? A. artificial intelligence B. original thought C. robotics D. converting number systems 2. All of the following are characteristics of computers except _____. A. storing numbers in memory locations B. calculating very quickly C. encoding text data D. writing algorithms 3. What was the primary mechanism used by Herman Hollerith to analyze the census? A. smartphones B. on-off switches C. Intel processors D. punched cards 4. One of the first programming languages developed that was able to be easily read by humans was: A. COBOL B. assembly language C. C++ D. Python 5. Which event is not a major phase of the software development lifecycle? A. research B. compilation C. maintenance D. deployment Completion Complete the following sentences with the correct word(s). 6. Computers can solve problems if they can be generalized in a(n) _____ expression. 7. Analyzing large-scale computational problems requires identifying generalizable _____. 8. One goal of a(n) _____ is to define the most efficient sequence of steps for solving a problem. 9. _____ led a team of programmers to create COBOL. 10. Writing a program that runs on many types of computers is described as the cross-_____ approach. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 22 Introduction to Computer Science: Java Programming