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14 Introduction to Microsoft Offi fice
Processing
Processing of the data takes place between the input and the output.
Processing is the transformation of input data and acting on those data.
In principle, processing is very simple: additions and decisions.
These two instructions are used to load programs and data, to follow
instructions, and to produce output. More complex actions are developed
using these two basic functions. The result is called the instruction set for a
central processing unit. The basic instruction set is
different for each central processing unit.
Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU) is the
device that fetches coded instructions, decodes
them, and then runs or executes them. The CPU
is also called a microprocessor or chip. Although it
is about the size of a thumbnail, the CPU contains
billions of circuits. See Figure 1-11. Due to their
constant execution of actions, CPUs generate
a lot of heat. To help prevent the CPU from
overheating, fans are often mounted directly
above them to help circulate air. Many computers
contain multiple CPUs.
The CPU controls all jobs performed by the
computer’s other parts. The user runs a program,
and its instructions set the CPU’s list of jobs. The CPU has two primary
components: the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit.
Motherboard
The CPU and memory are both mounted on a larger printed circuit
board called the motherboard or the system board. The motherboard
connects all of the hardware in the computer. It provides the electrical
connections through which all data are transferred between hardware
devices. The three main components on the motherboard are the
processor, memory, and expansion ports/slots.
A port is a point of interface between the motherboard and
external devices. Universal serial bus (USB) is an industry standard for
communication between devices and the computer.
Output
Output is data provided to the user. An output device produces an
action based on the instructions from the CPU. The most common output
device is a computer monitor. This device formats the 1s and 0s the CPU
uses into human-readable material. Speakers output audio based on the
1s and 0s generated by the CPU.
FYI
Many stand-alone
monitors contain
USB ports on the side
so peripherals can
be attached without
needing to reach the
computer box.
RomboStudio/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-11. A CPU being inserted into a socket on
the motherboard.