Guided Tour 260 Landscape Design, Installation, and Management Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Bedding Plants Bedding plants are typically annual plants installed mainly for their sea- sonal fl oral or foliage presentation. They are often replaced every six to eight months, depending on location and climate. Color displays are often one of the fi rst things people notice in a landscape. Many annuals, such as caladium, coleus, impatiens, and geraniums, are used as bedding plants, Figure 10-26. Border or Line Plantss Plants can be used to delineate property lines or provide a visual bar- rier between areas. When large deciduous trees are used as border plants, the trunks provide the delineation. Hedges may also serve as border plants. Many broadleaf and narrow-leaf evergreens are chosen due to their consistent green- ery and vigorous growth. Hands-On Landscaping Planting Geophytes Soil preparation for geophytes is vital to their succes s. Adding amendments and manipulating the soil to alter its physical and chemical properties will help ensure they will grow and flower. Step 1. Prepare the planting area by hand or with a rototiller. Till deep areas (at least 8″ ) because the loose backfill will allow for better emergence. Step 2. Test the soil and add amendments as needed. The pH range should be between 6 and 7. Step 3. Work the amendments into the soil. Recommended amendments include leaf mulch, composted plant materials, composted animal manures, bone meal (providing phosphorus), and/or other clean sources of organic matter. Step 4. Prepare the holes. If you have a label, follow the instructions for planting depth and spacing. large bulbs are planted 8″ deep and small bulbs are planted 4″Inorgeneral, 5″ deep. If you want the geophytes to naturalize or divide, plant them by hand. If you want a more structured design, use a bulb planter to keep them evenly spaced. Step 5. Place the geophyte in the hole with the pointed end up and the roots pointing down. Step 6. Fill the holes with the loose backfill and lightly compress the soil. Step 7. Water the planting area. When the flowers have completed blooming, deadhead the flowers but leave the foliage intact. The foliage will continue to gather nutrients for the following season. Cut the foliage to ground level after it turns yellow or brown. Consider This 1. Do all geophytes have the same life span? What occurs when the geophyte reaches the end of its life span? 2. Do any geophytes need to be dug up and stored over winter? Explain why this should/should not be done and with which types. 3. Do any geophytes bloom continuously throughout the season? Identify those that bloom continuously and those that last a short time. aliAntye/Shutterstock.com Liane M/Shutterstock.com Liane M/Shutterstock.com 223 ▲ Saikom/Shutterstock.com Chapter Outcomes After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain binomial nomenclature and how it is used to name plants. • Determine how plant names may aid in determining placement and use for plants. • Understand the scientific classification of plants. • Explain the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms. • Identify the parts of a plant and explain how each part supports plant growth. • Explain the differences between the various geophytes. • Identify the basic biological processes that drive growth from a seed to a mature plant. • Explain the basic plant processes and how they affect plant growth. Key Terms angiosperm apices arboretum binomial name binomial nomenclature botanical garden botanical name bulb carbon sequestration classifi cation common name conservatory corm dicot fi brous root genus geophyte gymnosperm hybrid hypocotyl internode Latin name macronutrient micronutrient monocot node nontunicate bulb phloem photosynthesis pseudobulb respiration rhizome scientifi c name species specifi c epithet stolon taproot taxonomy translocation transpiration tuber tuberous root tuberous stem tunicate bulb variety vascular cambium xylem Introduction Having an extensive knowledge of plant growth habits and cultural needs is a great asset for landscape professionals and designers. This knowledge enables a designer to offer plants that will appeal to the client and thrive in the landscape, Figure 9-1 . The designer or professional may also choose plants that require the preferred amount of maintenance while still providing the colors and shapes suited to the client’s vision. Understanding plant growth habits will also help you explain to clients why something may not work and offer a suitable alternative. This chapter introduces you to basic plant physiology and the processes that affect plant growth. Chapter Outcomes clearly identify the knowledge and skills to be obtained when the chapter is completed. Key Terms list the key terms to be learned in the chapter. Introduction provides an overview and preview of the chapter content. Hands-On Landscaping features are highlighted throughout the textbook to provide clear instructions for hands-on service activities. Pro Tip features to help students develop safe and efficient work habits. C Copy ed as bedding Bord er o r Li ne P lants nes o r use serve a due to Bord er o r Li ne P lant n are r s d 214 Landscape Design, Installation, and Management Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • Soil texture is determined by the different sizes of mineral particles in a soil. Texture is the most important physical property for planting. Textural soil classes are sandy soils, clayey soils, and loamy soils. Each of the soil types have different proportions of sand, silt, and clay. • Soil color is determined by the soil’s composition. Soil color may be used to determine the soil’s drainage, water content, health, and pH. Soil with rich black color, for example, indicates high nutrition content, good drainage, and an abundance of organic matter. R. Lee Ivy Figure 8-27. Landscape professionals often managing extreme amounts of sand or clay. These soil types affect water and nutrient uptake for plant roots.are R. Lee Ivy Career Connection Dana Massey, President, Plantworks Nursery, Inc. Dana Massey is President of Plantworks Nursery, Inc., in Rougemont, North Carolina. When Dana was 15 and working in a tomato greenhouse, she realized that the horticulture industry was where she belonged. Dana’s love for the outdoors and getting her hands dirty led her to North Carolina State University’s Horticulture Program where she majored in Horticulture and minored in Agricultural Business Management. After graduation, Dana was hired as an annual grower at Plantworks Nursery. Dana advanced from annual grower, to the management team, to being named vice president, to ownership. Dana stated that the horticulture industry needs passionate new generations to continue the work and legacy of those that founded so many of our local garden centers and landscape companies. The future of agriculture is limitless. Consider This 1. What types of leadership skills do you think Dana possesses that have contributed to her success? 2. Do you think Dana’s agricultural business studies have helped her become the owner of her own nursery? Explain your answer. 3. Would regular business management studies have helped Dana in the same manner as those focused on agriculture? Why or why not? Dana Massey oppyyr ig ght Goo dheart-Willcox Co., Inc. R. Lee Ivy These soil types affect Chapter 15 Hardscapes 411 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Thinking Green Permeable Hardscapes Installing a more permeable hardscape can reduce the impact a landscape design may have on the local environment. A more permeable landscape design will decrease stormwater runoff, reduce pollution entering our waterways, and increase the amount of water that enters groundwater reservoirs. The ground also serves as a filter to remove contaminants from the water. Materials and designs that can increase the permeability of a hardscape include decomposed granite, crushed stone, porous asphalt, pervious concrete, dry-laying the hardscape, and the use of permeable materials between pavers. • Decomposed granite and crushed stone form a hard compact surface that still allows water to seep through to the ground below. • Porous asphalt and pervious concrete both have interconnected spaces on the surface to allow water seepage. These materials may have restrictions for weight or the amount of traffic they can withstand. • Dry-laying a hardscape allows water to permeate the ground below. Dry- laid material is a hardscape that does not use concrete below and between the pavers. The materials are laid on a gravel bed with a geotextile and layer of sand below it. (Geotextiles are synthetic fabrics used as weed barriers, separations between materials, or to reinforce or protect a material.) A permeable material, such as moss, gravel, groundcover plants, or sand, is placed between the pavers or stones. Wet-laying is the installation of a hardscape with wet concrete below and between the pavers or stones. • Other types of permeable designs include a type of grid with open cells that can be planted with materials such as turfgrass or groundcover. The cells may also be filled with pea gravel or another type of aggregate. Permeable hardscapes may be subject to municipal restrictions and typically require a regular maintenance program. It is recommended that permeable landscapes only be installed on flat or minimally sloped areas. The amount or type of traffic may be restricted by a design and/or the materials used in its construction. Consider This 1. What are the major disadvantages of permeable hardscapes? 2. Is the cost of installing a permeable hardscape higher than that of traditional hardscapes? Explain your answer. 3. What types of recycled materials can be used to make a permeable landscape? Michael Dechev/Shutterstock.com Sergii Rudiuk/Shutterstock.com trairut noppakaew/Shutterstock.com Figure 15-17. Various types of gravel are available, adding color, texture, and permeable options to pathways and driveways. peasittichai/Shutterstock.com Thamma-touch/Shutterstock.com amperespy44/Shutterstock.com Joy Tasa/Shutterstock.com Figure 8-27. Landscape profession water and nutrient uptake for plant ro 60 Landscape Design, Installation, and Management Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is equipment and clothing worn by a person to protect him or herself from harm in potentially hazardous situa- tions. PPE is an essential component for safely performing tasks in landscape work, Figure 3-6 . PPE includes eyewear, hearing protection, respiration protec- tion, clothing, and footwear. Eye Protection Eye protection is used to prevent damage to your eyes from irritants blown or thrown from blowers and mowers, such as dust or stones. Protective eye- wear includes safety glasses, safety goggles, face shields, and full-face respira- tors, Figure 3-7. Protective eyewear is designed for specifi c tasks and the appropriate eye protection must be worn to provide adequate protection. ANSI standards Pro Tip Personal protective equipment (PPE) protects landscape professionals from short- and long-term exposure to dangerous equipment and materials. While operating a string trimmer for 30 minutes, for example, may not appear to injure a person’s hearing, repeated operation without protection will definitely hinder hearing over time. The same facts apply to pesticide ap plications. A minor, one-time exposure to a low-toxicity pesticide may not harm a worker but repeated exposure over time may build up in the person’s body and become toxic. Consider the task at hand, assess the risks of injury and exposure, and choose protection that is proper for the job. Safety First PPE is only effective if it fits properly and is properly maintained. Periodically inspect your PPE to ensure it is fully functional and that it fits properly. ungvar/Shutterstock.com Figure 3-5. Large and potentially dangerous equipment is used in the installation and maintenance of landscapes. Using careless behavior around this equipment can easily result in debilitating injury or death. Bankmoo Everyday/Shutterstock.com Career Connection features introduce students to careers in different fields of the green industry and include critical thinking questions for discussion. Safety First features alert students of potentially dangerous materials and practices. Thinking Green features highlight key items related to sustainability, energy efficiency, and environmental issues.