VI
Part 1
Foundations of Human Development
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Lifespan Development . . . . . . 4
What Is Human Development? . . . 6
Types of Development . . . 7
Physical Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Cognitive Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Socio-emotional Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Principles of Human Development . . . 10
Human Development Is Relatively Orderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Human Development Takes Place Gradually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Human Development Is Interrelated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Human Development Varies Among Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Key Issues in Development . . . 13
Nature Versus Nurture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Continuity Versus Discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pedagogy Versus Andragogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Why Study Human Development? . . . 17
Chapter 2
How and Why People Develop and Learn . . . . . . 20
The Role of Developmental Theories . . . 22
How Early Life Experiences Affect People Over Time . . . 23
Freud’s Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
How People Process Information and Learn . . . 26
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
How Experiences Cause People to Behave in Certain Ways . . . 28
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Social Cognitive Theory: Taking Behaviorism One More Step. . . 30
Contents