iii Introduction Machinists are highly skilled men and women. They use drawings, hand tools, preci- sion measuring tools, drilling machines, grinders, lathes, milling machines, and other specialized machine tools to shape and finish metal and nonmetal parts. Machinists must have a sound understanding of basic and advanced machining technology, which includes: • Proficiency in safely operating machine tools of various types (manual, auto- matic, and computer controlled). • Knowledge of the working properties of metals and nonmetals. • The academic skills (such as math, science, English, print reading, and metallurgy) needed to make precision layouts and machine setups. Machining Fundamentals provides an introduction to these important areas of manufacturing technology. The text explains the “how, why, and when” of numerous machining operations, setups, and procedures. Through it, you will learn how machine tools operate and when to use one particular machine instead of another. The advan- tages and disadvantages of various machining techniques are discussed, along with their suitability for particular applications. Machining Fundamentals details the many common methods of machining and shaping parts to meet given specifications. It also covers more advanced processes, such as laser machining, waterjet cutting, high-energy-rate forming (HERF), cryogenics, chipless machining, electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrochemical machin- ing (ECM), robotics, and rapid prototyping. The importance of computer numerical control (CNC) in the operation of most machine tools and its role in automated manu- facturing is explored thoroughly. A new chapter expands coverage of geometric dimen- sioning and tolerancing (GD&T). Machining Fundamentals has many features that make it easy to read and under- stand. The heads in each chapter are numbered to quickly locate specific information within a chapter. A chapter outline lists all chapter heads and subheads at the begin- ning of each chapter. Learning objectives are also presented in the chapter opener, along with a list of selected technical terms important to understanding the material in that chapter. Throughout the text, technical terms are highlighted in bold italic type as they are introduced and defined. These terms are also listed and defined in the Glossary at the end of the text. The extensive illustrations, photographs, and other visuals throughout Machining Fundamentals clarify and reinforce machining operations, procedures, and applica- tions. A color key is used to indicate different materials and types of equipment. Features visually highlight and expand textual content by giving it practical value. Workplace Skills and Career Connection features introduce students to machining-related careers and the qualities employers are seeking. Green Machining features expose students to recent trends in environmentally friendly manufacturing. Each chapter closes with a chapter review containing a summary and review ques- tions. The summary reiterates and expands on the learning objectives given in the chapter opener. Review questions reinforce key learning objectives and offer students the opportunity to check their understanding. Machining Fundamentals is a valuable guide to anyone interested in machin- ing, since the procedures and techniques presented have been drawn from all areas of machining technology. Students will gain a strong foundation in machining to support practical skills.