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Section 1—Whole Numbers
1 Number Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Adding Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Subtracting Whole Numbers . . . . . . . 15
4 Multiplying Whole Numbers . . . . . . 23
5 Dividing Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . 33
6 Combined Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Section 2—Common Fractions
7 Parts of a Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8 Proper Fractions, Improper
Fractions, and Mixed Numbers . . . . 61
9 Least Common Denominator . . . . . . 67
10 Adding Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11 Subtracting Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
12 Multiplying Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
13 Dividing Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Section 3—Decimal Fractions
14 Decimal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
15 Converting between Common
Fractions and Decimal Fractions . . . 115
16 Adding Decimal Fractions . . . . . . . . 123
17 Subtracting Decimal Fractions . . . . 131
18 Multiplying Decimal Fractions . . . . 139
19 Dividing Decimal Fractions . . . . . . . 147
Section 4—Percent, Ratio,
and Proportion
20 Percent and Percentage . . . . . . . . . . 158
21 Ratio and Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Section 5—Linear Measure
22 Reading Rulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
23 Perimeter and Circumference . . . . . 183
24 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
25 Vernier Measuring Instruments . . . 201
Section 6—Formulas
26 Equations and Formulas . . . . . . . . . 212
27 Thread Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
28 Taper Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
29 Speeds and Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
30 Spur Gear Calculations . . . . . . . . . . 235
Section 7—Angles
31 Units of Angular Measure . . . . . . . . 242
32 Basic Math Operations
with Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
33 Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
34 Right Triangle Trigonometry . . . . . . 269
35 Oblique Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Section 8—Powers and Roots
36 Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
37 Roots of Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Section 9—Area and Volume
38 Area of Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
39 Area of Circles and Circular
Segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
40 Volume of Cubes, Rectangular
Solids, and Prisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
41 Volume of Cylinders, Cones,
and Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Brief Contents