xiv Medical Law & Professional Ethics Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. State Governments 55 Local Governments 57 Chapter Review and Assessment 58 Unit 2 The Healthcare Environment Chapter 4 Certification and Licensing of Healthcare Professionals 62 Healthcare Professions 64 Licensing and Certifi cation 67 Licensing 67 Certifi cation 74 Professional Organizations 78 Chapter Review and Assessment 80 Chapter 5 Civil Liability of Healthcare Practitioners 82 Civil Law 84 Torts 86 Compensation for Loss or Injury 93 Restraining Orders 94 Contract Law 94 Product Liability 96 Defenses to Civil Liability 98 Ethical Issues Related to Civil Liability 98 Chapter Review and Assessment 100 Chapter 6 Criminal Liability of Healthcare Practitioners 102 Criminal Law: Offenses against the Public 104 Criminal Acts 105 Criminal Defense 106 Levels of Intent 108 Government Healthcare Program Fraud 109 Failure to Report Crimes or Abuse 110