320 CHAPTER 15 Introduction to Nonferrous Metals C HAPTER OUTLINE 15.1 Atomic Structures in Metal Drive Unique Properties 15.1.1 Unit Cells 15.1.2 Slip Planes and Dislocation Tangles 15.2 Developing Desirable Properties by Working Metal 15.2.1 Improving Metal Properties by Hot Work 15.2.2 Improving Metal Properties by Cold Work 15.2.3 Improving Metal Structure by “Warm Work” 15.2.4 Restoring Ductility by Annealing 15.2.5 Different Process Sequences May Produce Different Microstructures 15.3 Strengthening through Alloying 15.3.1 Measurement of Yield Strength in Nonferrous Metals 15.3.2 Strengthening Alloys through Cold Work 15.3.3 Strengthening by Solid Solution Alloying 15.3.4 Strengthening by Large Precipitates 15.3.5 Strengthening through Heat Treatment—Precipitation Hardening 15.4 Reactions of Nonferrous Metals during Refining and Use 15.4.1 Extracting and Refining Nonferrous Metals 15.4.2 Corrosion of Nonferrous Alloys 15.5 Processing Used in Nonferrous Metallurgy 15.5.1 Casting 15.5.2 Bulk Deformation Processing of Nonferrous Metals 15.5.3 PM Part Production from Powdered Nonferrous Metal 15.5.4 Forming, Shaping, and Cutting 15.5.5 Heat Treatment Processing 15.5.6 Joining Nonferrous Metals 15.5.7 Machining, Polishing, and Surface Finishes 15.6 Applications That Use Multiple Metals