352 CHAPTER 16 Aluminum CHAPTER OUTLINE 16.1 Extracting and Refining Aluminum from Ore and Scrap 16.1.1 Aluminum from Ore 16.1.2 Aluminum from Recycled Scrap 16.1.3 Remelting and Pouring to Ingots 16.2 Aluminum Alloy Classifications 16.3 Bulk Deformation of Aluminum 16.3.1 Hot-Rolling Plate and Sheet 16.3.2 Advanced-Technology Production 16.3.3 Forging 16.3.4 Extrusions 16.3.5 Cold-Rolling 16.3.6 Drawing 16.3.7 Ironing 16.3.8 PM Parts 16.4 Casting Aluminum 16.4.1 Sand Molding 16.4.2 Die Casting, or Pressure Die Casting 16.4.3 Improving the Properties of Cast Aluminum 16.5 Strengthening Aluminum 16.5.1 Cold-Working 16.5.2 Alloying 16.5.3 Heat-Treating 16.5.4 Applications for Strengthened Aluminum 16.5.5 Advanced Equipment for Improved Heat Treatment 16.6 Properties of Aluminum Alloys 16.6.1 Combining Properties for Superior Products—Alclad 2024 16.7 Joining Aluminum 16.7.1 Welding 16.7.2 Brazing 16.7.3 Adhesive Bonding 16.8 Finish Processing of Aluminum 16.8.1 Machining 16.8.2 Forming 16.8.3 Anodizing