Modern Automotive Technology xix
Fuel Pressure Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Fuel Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
DEFI Amplifi er Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Fuel Control Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Oxygen Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor. . . . . . . . 755
Throttle Position Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor . . . . . . . 756
Airfl ow Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Intake Air Temperature Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Crankshaft Position Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Fuel Pressure Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Fuel Temperature Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Other Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Engine Idle Speed Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Chapter 42
Gasoline Injection Diagnosis and Repair. . . . . 761
Gasoline Injection Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . 761
On-Board Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Inspecting the Fuel Injection System . . . . . . . 763
Fuel Injector Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
OBD II Fuel System Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . 764
OBD II Oxygen Sensor Monitoring . . . . . . . . 765
Scan Tool Fuel Trim Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Fuel System Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
OBD Fuel Injection System Tests . . . . . . . . . . 766
Fuel Injector Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Fuel Injector Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Fuel Injector Operating Voltages . . . . . . . . . . 767
Fuel Injector Scope Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Fuel Injector Scope Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Fuel Injector Noid Light Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Fuel Injector Balance Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Relieving EFI System Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
On-Car Injector Flow Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Fuel Injector Impedance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Replacing Multiport Fuel Injectors. . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Replacing Direct Fuel Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Electronic Fuel Injector Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Fuel Pressure Regulator Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Testing the Fuel Pressure Regulator . . . . . . . 778
Fuel System Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Oxygen Sensor Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Throttle Position Sensor Service. . . . . . . . . . . 781
Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor Service . 782
Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Service. 783
Intake Air Temperature Sensor Service. . . . . 783
Mass Airfl ow Sensor Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Servicing other EFI Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Control Module Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
ECM Scan Tool Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Idle Speed Motor Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Idle Air Control Valve Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Multiport Throttle Body Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Chapter 43
Diesel Injection Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Diesel and Gasoline Engine Differences . . . . . . . 791
Basic Mechanical Injection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Diesel Injection Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Diesel Injection Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
Diesel Injector Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
Glow Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Diesel Injection Timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Diesel Injection System Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Water Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Fuel Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Block Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Vacuum Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Computer-Controlled Diesel System . . . . . . . . . . 798
Chapter 44
Diesel Injection Diagnosis, Service,
and Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Diesel Injection Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Diesel Injection Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Engine Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Abnormal Exhaust Smoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Excessive Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Engine Miss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Engine No-Start Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Lack of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Poor Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Injection Cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Testing Diesel Injection Operation. . . . . . . . . 804
Diesel Injection Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Injector Nozzle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Glow Plug Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Injection Pump Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Computerized Diesel Injection Service . . . . . 812
Diesel Injection Service Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Chapter 45
Exhaust System Technology and Repair . . . . . 816
Exhaust System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Exhaust System Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Exhaust Back Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Single and Dual Exhaust Systems . . . . . . . . . 818
Exhaust Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Exhaust Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Heat Shields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Catalytic Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Muffl er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819