xxxii Modern Automotive Technology
Section 14
Heating and Air Conditioning Technology
Chapter 84
Heating and Air Conditioning Fundamentals 1713
Principles of Refrigeration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713
States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713
Heat and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714
Methods of Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714
Heat Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714
Heat Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Vaporization and Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Pressure and Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Refrigerant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715
Basic Refrigeration Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716
Automotive Air Conditioning System. . . . . . . . 1716
High and Low Sides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716
Air Conditioning Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Compressor Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718
Refrigerant Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722
Refrigerant Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722
Air Conditioning Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722
Receiver-Drier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722
Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723
Muffl er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723
Evaporator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723
Air Conditioning System Controls. . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Expansion Tube A/C System . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724
Expansion Valve A/C System. . . . . . . . . . . . 1725
Other A/C System Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725
Service Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727
Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727
Heating and Air Conditioning Controls . . . . . . 1728
Manual Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728
Automatic Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . 1729
Ducts and Vents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1730
Passenger Compartment Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1730
Solar Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731
Hybrid Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1731
Chapter 85
Heating and Air Conditioning Diagnosis, Service,
and Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737
Inspecting an Air Conditioning System. . . . . . . 1737
Scanning the A/C System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737
Checking Line Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . 1738
Inspecting the Sight Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1738
Refrigerant Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1739
R-134a Service Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1739
Testing an Air Conditioning System . . . . . . . . . 1739
Pressure Gauge (Manifold) Assembly. . . . . 1741
Service Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1741
Connecting A/C Pressure Gauges. . . . . . . . 1743
Static A/C Pressure Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743
Performance Testing A/C System . . . . . . . . 1744
Locating A/C System Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1744
Recovering Refrigerant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746
Common A/C Component Problems . . . . . . . . 1748
Evaporator Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1748
Compressor Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1748
Condenser Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749
Receiver-Drier Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749
Expansion Valve or Tube Problems . . . . . . . 1750
Thermostat Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1750
Refrigerant Line Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1750
Evacuating an Air Conditioning System . . . . . . 1750
Charging an Air Conditioning System . . . . . . . 1751
Charging Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753
Adding Refrigerant Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753
A/C System Service Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753
Heater Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753
Checking Heater Coolant Flow . . . . . . . . . . 1754
Flushing the Heater Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1754
Heater Core Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1754
Blower Motor Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1754
Checking Air Control Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1756
Electronic Climate Control Service. . . . . . . . . . . 1756
Section 15
Safety Systems and Future Technologies
Chapter 86
Restraint System Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765
Vehicle Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765
Active and Passive Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1766
Seat Belt Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1766
Knee Diverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768
Air Bag Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769
Air Bag Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769
Hybrid Air Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1772
Air Bag Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773
Magnet-and-Ball Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773
Coil Spring Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774
Seat Cushion Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774
Accelerometer Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774
Decibel Impact Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775
Air Bag Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775
Event Data Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775