xxii Modern Automotive Technology ECM-Controlled 12-Volt Starting Circuit. . . . .519 Hybrid Starting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519 Hybrid Starting System Operation . . . . . . . . . .520 Chapter 31 Starting System Diagnosis, Testing, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Starting System Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523 Common 12-Volt Starting System Problems. . .524 12-Volt Starting Headlight Test . . . . . . . . . . . . .524 Checking the 12-Volt Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525 12-Volt Starting System Voltage Drop Tests . . .526 12-Volt Battery Cable Service . . . . . . . . . . . . .527 Testing Battery Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527 Replacing Battery Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Starter Solenoid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Testing the Starter Solenoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Replacing the Starter Solenoid. . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Ignition Switch Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 Testing the Ignition Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 12-Volt Starter Relay Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 Neutral Safety Switch Service . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 Testing the Neutral Safety Switch. . . . . . . . . . .529 Adjusting the Neutral Safety Switch . . . . . . . . .530 12-Volt Starter Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 12-Volt Starting Motor Removal . . . . . . . . . . . .530 12-Volt Starting Motor Rebuild . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 Hybrid Starting System Diagnosis . . . . . . . . .532 Motor-Generator Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533 Chapter 32 Charging System Technology . . . . . 537 12-Volt Charging System Functions . . . . . . . .537 12-Volt Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 Alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 Voltage Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544 ECM Charging System Monitoring and Control . . 545 Battery Thermistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Fail-Safe Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Alternator Drive Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Charge Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Hybrid Charging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 Chapter 33 Charging System Diagnosis, Testing, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 12-Volt Charging System Diagnosis . . . . . . . .551 Preliminary Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 Scanning 12-Volt Charging Systems . . . . . . . .553 12-Volt Charging System Precautions . . . . . .553 12-Volt Charging System Tests . . . . . . . . . . . .553 Scan Tool Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 Scope Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 Voltmeter Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 Circuit Resistance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557 Alternator Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 Alternator Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 Alternator Rebuild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 Alternator Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 Hybrid Charging System Service . . . . . . . . . .559 Scanning Hybrid Charging Systems. . . . . . . . .559 Chapter 34 Ignition System Technology . . . . . . 565 Ignition System Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . .565 Ignition System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566 Primary and Secondary Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . .567 Ignition System Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . .567 Secondary Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567 Spark Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567 Ignition Coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 Ignition Coil Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570 Ignition Coil Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570 Coil Pack Ignition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571 Direct Ignition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573 Ionization Knock Sensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573 Dual Spark Plug Ignition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Multiple Discharge Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Distributor Ignition Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Engine Firing Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Ignition Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575 Chapter 35 Ignition System Diagnosis, Testing, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Ignition System Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581 Scanning Ignition System Problems . . . . . . . . .581 Spark Intensity Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583 Checking for a Dead Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . .584 High-Voltage Leakage Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585 Ignition Primary Voltage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . .585 Ignition Circuit Scope Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586 Evaluating Ignition System Test Results. . . . . .586 Spark Plug Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586 Spark Plug Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587 Reading Spark Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588