xxiii Cruise Control Systems. .....................495 Cruise Control System Service. ................497 Power Mirrors. ............................499 Power Mirror Service. .......................499 Driver Information Center. ...................499 Connectivity. .............................499 Chapter 38 Security, Navigation, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. ...........504 Vehicle Security Systems ....................504 Voice Activation. ..........................504 Keys. ...................................504 Transponder Key. ...........................505 Remote Keyless Entry. .......................505 Keypad Entry. .............................506 Smart Keys. ...............................506 Navigation Systems. .......................507 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. ..........507 Sensors. ..................................507 Adaptive Cruise Control. .....................508 Collision Avoidance System. ..................509 Blind Spot Warning System. ..................509 Rear Cross Traffic Alerts. .....................510 Pedestrian Detection System. .................510 Road Sign Recognition. ......................510 Lane-Keeping Assistance. ....................510 Road-Departure Assist System. ................510 Driver Monitoring System ....................510 Adaptive Light Control. ......................510 Night Vision Systems. .......................511 Active Parking Assistance Systems .............511 Trailer Assist. ..............................512 Servicing Security, Navigation, and Driver Assistance Systems. ......................512 Section 6 Fuel, Exhaust, and Induction System Technology Chapter 39 Automotive Fuels and Combustion Efficiency .........................517 Combustion. .............................517 Gasoline. ................................517 Gasoline Octane Ratings. ....................517 Gasoline Combustion. .......................518 Air-Fuel Mixture. ...........................518 Abnormal Combustion. ......................518 Diesel Fuel. ..............................520 Diesel Fuel Grades. .........................520 Diesel Fuel Cloud Point ......................521 Diesel Fuel Water Contamination. ..............521 Diesel Fuel Cetane Rating ....................521 Diesel Combustion. .........................521 Alternative Fuels. ..........................521 Liquefied Petroleum Gas. ....................522 Biofuels ..................................522 Natural Gas. ..............................523 Hydrogen Fuel. ............................523 Fuel Cell. .................................524 Propane. .................................525 Electricity. ................................525 P-Series Fuels. .............................525 Chapter 40 Fuel Tanks, Pumps, Lines, and Filters. ....529 Fuel Systems. .............................529 Fuel Supply System. ........................530 Fuel Tanks ................................530 Fuel Lines and Hoses. .......................531 Fuel Pumps. ...............................533 Fuel Filters. ...............................536 Fuel Supply System Service. ..................537 Fuel Supply System Scanning. .................537 Vapor Lock. ...............................538 Fuel Tank Service. ..........................538 Fuel Line and Hose Service. ...................540 Fuel Filter Service. ..........................541 Fuel Pump Service. .........................542 Air Filter Service. ...........................545 Chapter 41 Gasoline Injection Fundamentals. .......549 Gasoline Injection Fundamentals. .............549 Atmospheric Pressure. .......................550 Vacuum ..................................550 Differences in Pressure Cause Flow. ............550 Engine Throttle Valve. .......................550 Gasoline Injection Timing. ....................552 Injector Pulse Width. ........................553 Direct and Indirect Injection. .................553 Direct Fuel Injection. ........................554 Indirect Injection Systems ....................554 Electronic Fuel Injector Types. ................554 Solenoid Fuel Injectors. ......................555 Piezo Fuel Injectors .........................556 Fuel Pressure Regulator. ....................556