Features of the Textbook The instructional design of this textbook includes student-focused learning tools to help you succeed. This visual guide highlights these features. Chapter Opening Materials Each chapter opening contains a list of learning objectives and a list of technical terms. Objectives clearly identify the knowledge and skills to be gained when the chapter is completed. Tech Terms list the key words to be learned in the chapter. The Introduction provides an over- view and preview of the chapter content. Additional Features Additional features are used throughout the body of each chapter to further learning and knowledge. Safety Notes alert you to potentially dangerous materials and practices. Code Notes point out specific items from typical building codes. Procedures are highlighted throughout the textbook to provide clear instructions for hands-on service activities. Trade Tips provide advice and guidance that is especially applicable for on-the-job situations. Illustrations Illustrations have been designed to clearly and simply communicate the specific topic. Illus- trations have been completely replaced and updated for this edition. Photographic images have been updated to show the latest equipment. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 25 C H A P T E R 3 Tools and Equipment OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you will be able to: ■ Identify various hand tools used in the masonry trade. ■ Describe the tools and equipment used in site preparation. ■ Explain the functions of various flatwork finishing tools. TECH TERMS brick hammer brick set brick tongs bull float bull float extension handle chalk box and chalk concrete broom concrete vibrator darby edger ferrule groover hand float hand tamper (concrete) hand tamper (aggregate or soil packer) joint raker jointers level case line block line pins masonry saw mason’s chisel mason’s level mason’s line mortar bag mortar board mortar box mortar hoe mortar mixer mortar stand power screed plumb rule rattle stick rotary laser level screed steel square tamping rammer compactor track driven power buggy twig vibratory plate compactor wheelbarrow TBeginningequipmentmustequipmentuseuse ools and and their safe are a very important part of all trades. Every tool and piece of has been designed for a specific purpose. masons learn how to them skillfully if they are to be suc- cessful at their trade. 3.1 Masonry Tools and Equipment This chapter describes the tools and equipment commonly used in the masonry indus- try and concrete work. The following sections will discuss the intended use of each tool and piece of equipment. Tool and equipment safety is covered in Chapter 4, Safety. 3.1.1 Trowels A mason’s trowel is the tool most commonly used by a mason. Trowel blades are made from flat pieces of forged steel ground to the proper balance, taper, and shape. The narrow end of the blade is called the “point” and the wide end nearest Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 250 Section 4 Techniques 12.4.1 Corbeling a 12″ Wall Corbeling is a method used to widen a wall by project- ing out masonry units to form a ledge or shelf. When building a corbel, each brick course extends out farther than the one below it. See Figure 12-65. Because corbels normally support a load, they must be carefully constructed. Headers are generally used to tie a corbel into the base. Building codes generally require the top course to be a full header course. All joints must be completely filled with mortar. The following procedure is suggested for corbeling a 12″ wall. See Figure 12-66. Code Note Corbel Projection The maximum projection of one unit shall not exceed one-half the height of the unit or one-third the thickness of the unit at right angles to the wall. P R O C E D U R E Corbeling a 12″ Wall 1. Snap a line on the foundation or base where the front edge of the wall is to be constructed. Also, mark the starting and ending points of the corbel on the foundation or base. 2. Lay out the first course as a dry course to check spacing. Running bond will be used with a header course every seventh course. 3. Lay the first course with headers on the front wythe and stretchers on the back. Use a full mortar bed. Level, plumb, and square the brick. Check the spacing. 4. Lay the second through sixth courses. Check the height of each course as it is laid and be sure bed joints are uniform and level. Brick bearing wall Reinf., as req’d Flashing Weep holes 24 in. (600 mm) O.C. max. Interior finish Furring anchor Furring with insulation Finish floor Slab on grade Vapor retarder Brick Industry Association Figure 12-64. Weep holes and flashing are necessary in exterior single wythe masonry walls to reduce moisture penetration. Timothy L. Andera Figure 12-65. Each course has been corbeled out from the previous one to eventually create a shelf to support the three-sided bay window. The last regular course has been cut to height to accommodate the brick sill. The brick sill is sloped to ensure adequate drainage. The brick sill hangs over the lower course to create a drip edge. Header course Corbeling Each course is set out ¾″ Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 12-66. Procedure for corbeling a 12″ brick wall. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 268 Section 4 Techniques 13.3.5 Using a Mason’s Line Any straight wall longer than about 4′ is usually laid to a line. Mason’s line is a guide that aids in building a straight, level, and plumb wall. Mason’s line is a light, strong cord that can be stretched taut with little or no sag. The line should be pulled to the same degree of tautness for each course so all bed joints will be uni- form and parallel. See Figure 13-22. Leads are usually built first at each corner to estab- lish the proper height of the block that will be laid between the leads. The leads also provide a place to attach a mason’s line when the time is appropriate to fill in between the leads with stretcher blocks. The height of each course in the lead is determined by using a mason’s rule or corner pole with height marks on it, Figure 13-23. On long walls, it is impossible to eliminate sagging in the line. The course height should be checked with Safety Note Be sure to wear safety glasses and a face shield to protect eyes and the face when cutting blocks. When cutting block dry with a saw, always wear a respirator to protect against the concrete dust that may contain silica. Trade Tip When purchasing mason’s line, it is best to select braided line. Braided line lasts longer and does not unravel when one of the strands is cut. a corner pole to ensure accuracy. A single block can be set approximately midpoint between the two leads to support the line using a metal twig (trig) in a very long wall. The twig is a thin piece of metal designed to hold the line between its metal fingers. Twigs may also be made of plastic with the line snapped into the twig. The single block is set at the correct height using the proper amount of mortar to ensure that the final top edge of the block is at the same elevation as the corner leads. The height is checked with a mason’s rule or cor- ner pole to ensure that the proper height is maintained. The mason line is then positioned in the twig to hold the line in position. The twig and line are then placed on top of the block and held in position with a smaller piece of block or brick. Laying block too close to the line (crowding) should be avoided. Stay a line width (1/16″) away from the line so you do not risk moving the line, which would destroy its usefulness as a reference guide. 13.4 Laying Concrete Block Walls A well-planned concrete block structure mainly involves stretcher and corner blocks. Refer to Figure 13-18. These blocks are nominally 8″ × 8″ × 16″. Actual size is 7 5/8″ × 7 5/8″ × 15 5/8″ to allow for a standard 3/8″ mortar joint. Blocks of other sizes are sometimes used, also with a 3/8″ mortar joint. Concrete blocks must be protected from excess mois- ture before use. If blocks are wet when placed, they will shrink when dry and cause cracks. The blocks should Author’s image taken at Job Corps, Denison, IA Figure 13-22. A mason’s line is being used to ensure blocks are straight and level. Corner pole Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 13-23. A corner pole being used to set height of the first block in each course in the corner lead. x