xi Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 132 132 Modern MetalworkingMetalworking Modern Summary • Layout work plays an essential role in many areas of metalworking. • It is important to understand how layout and measuring tools are used to produce a simple layout. • Layout die is used to prepare the metal and make the layout lines more visible. • Common layout tools include scribers, dividers, trammels, surface gages, squares, and combination sets. • Angles can be measured with the protractor head of a combination set, universal bevel, different types of protractors, and angle blocks. • Precision layout tools include vernier-type measuring tools. • Other layout tools and equipment include surface plates, right angle plates, box parallels, V-blocks, and straightedges. • Making an accurate layout requires careful study of the drawing of the part, the development of a sequence of operations, and the precise placement of lines and marks. • A properly developed layout provides the locations necessary to machine the work. It helps ensure the job is completed accurately and effi ficiently. Test Your Knowledge Answer the following questions using the information provided in this chapter. 1. Defi ne the process known as layout. fi 2. Layout lines are used to ______. A. take the place of a drawing B. tell the machinist where to machine C. give the machinist practice in measuring D. prove if the part can be made. 3. ______ is used on metal to make layout lines more visible. 4. What is a scriber? 5. A(n) ______ is used to draw circles and arcs on metal. A. hermaphrodite caliper B. divider C. spindle D. surface gage 6. What are the three major parts of a surface gage? 7. What is the difference between a hardened steel square and a double square? 8. A combination set can be used to ______. A. draw angular lines B. measure depths C. level angular surfaces D. All of the above. 9. The ______ of the combination set can be used to quickly locate the center of round stock. 10. A(n) ______ is used for jobs requiring extreme angular accuracy. A. protractor depth gage B. vernier protractor C. plain protractor D. spirit level 11. What is a surface plate? 12. ______ are frequently used to support round stock for layout and inspection. A. V-blocks B. Box parallels C. Right angle plates D. Trammels 13. Straightedges are made from steel or _____ and are available in a wide range of sizes. 14. What are reference lines? 15. A(n) ______ punch is used to mark the points where centerlines intersect on a layout. 16. A(n) ______ punch is used to enlarge the points identifying center marks. Research and Development 1. Engineering. Write a report on how surface plates are made. Why are they made of granite, and not other materials? 2. Language Arts. Prepare a presentation explaining the proper sequence for making a layout and present it to the class. 3. Language Arts. Develop a display illustrating several different types of layout dyes used on stock. Protect your samples with clear plastic spray to prevent the scribed lines from rusting. INTRODUCTION TO METALWORKING Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 4 Classifying Metals 63 aluminum (Al). A metallic element that is used as a base metal for an entire family of alloys. Picsfive/Shutterstock.com beryllium (Be). A metallic element used as an alloying agent for applications requiring lightweight metals that have a high strength-to-weight ratio. Creative Commons BY 3.0 brass. An alloy of copper and zinc. flegere/Shutterstock.com bronze. An alloy of copper and tin. sergign/Shutterstock.com carbon steels. Steels that use carbon as their major alloying element. Carbon steels are classified by their percentage of carbon in points or hundredths of one percent. Praiwun Thungsarn/Shutterstock.com cast iron. An iron alloy that contains 3.0% to 4.0% carbon. Most cast irons are hard, brittle metals that have excellent wear resistance. bonchan/Shutterstock.com chromium (Cr). A metallic element that is the main alloying element for stainless steel. Creative Commons BY 3.0 cobalt (Co). An alloying element used to improve red hardness and wear resistance. Used to produce cutting tool materials. Creative Commons BY 3.0 copper (Cu). A soft, malleable, and ductile metallic element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is used as an alloying agent for many electrical and plumbing applications. Creative Commons BY 3.0 gold (Au). A precious metal widely used in the manufacture of jewelry and coinage. Gold is also malleable and resistant to many chemicals and acids, making it useful for various industrial applications. Eli Maier/Shutterstock.com Illustrated Glossary of Metals Summary feature provides an additional review tool for you and reinforces key learning objectives. Test Your Knowledge questions allow you to demonstrate knowledge, identification, and comprehension of chapter material. Research and Development extend your learning and help you analyze and apply knowledge. Illustrated Glossary of Metals provides photographs and definitions to help with metal identification.