Contents
9
Chapter 2 Plumbing Tools 51
Commonly Used Tools 51
Measuring and Layout Tools 52
Alignment Tools 55
Cutting Tools 59
Drilling and Boring Tools 66
Tools for Assembling and Holding 69
Chapter 3 Leveling Instruments 79
Builder’s Level 79
Laser Levels 83
Chapter 4 Mathematics for Plumbers 87
Measurement 87
Converting Feet to Inches and Inches to Feet 90
Computing Pipe Offsets 91
Computing Area and Volume 94
Computing Slope of Pipe 96
Metric Measurement 96
Chapter 5 Hydraulics and Pneumatics 103
Hydraulics 103
Pneumatics 108
Chapter 6 Print Reading and Sketching 111
Plans and Specifications 111
Sketching Piping Installations 122
Chapter 7 Rigging and Hoisting 129
Ropes 129
Hoisting Devices 132
Securing Pipes for Hoisting 133
Ladders 133