iii Preface Modern Plumbing provides basic information about the tools, materials, equipment, processes, and career oppor- tunities in the plumbing field. The textbook is written in simple, nontechnical language and is heavily illustrated. Modern Plumbing includes the latest information on installation and repair techniques, as well as recent develop- ments in materials, fixtures, and appliances. The textbook covers both hand and machine tools, and it supplies the background knowledge needed for technical competence. This edition of Modern Plumbing is organized to facilitate learning. This textbook is divided into 33 chapters, grouped into four sections. Additionally, this textbook includes chapters on plumbing career opportunities, green construction, excavation, plumbing remodeling, and plumbing history. Hundreds of photographs, illustrations, and charts will make it easier for you to understand the many technical details involved in the plumbing trade. Color is used throughout this edition of Modern Plumbing to represent dif- ferent components and materials. A color key is used to help identify specific materials and components. Various type styles are used throughout this text to emphasize words, identify important terms, and highlight figure references. Italic type is used to emphasize words and terms. For example, the word not is often printed in italic type when it is imperative that an operation be avoided. Important terms appear in bold-italic type. These terms are defined when introduced and are listed in the Technical Terms list at the beginning of the chapter, as well as in the Glossary. Bold type is used for the figure references in the body of the text. This makes them easy to identify. A Lab Workbook is available to complement this textbook. The Lab Workbook contains additional review ques- tions, as well as activities to help you develop the hands-on skills needed to succeed in the field. The chapters in the Lab Workbook are correlated to those in the textbook. Apprentices, technical-education students, construction-trade students, and anyone interested in plumbing will find Modern Plumbing a valuable aid in learning how plumbing systems are designed, installed, and maintained. Experienced plumbers who want to review basic plumbing techniques and/or study the recent developments in the plumbing field will also find this textbook helpful. E. Keith Blankenbaker About the Author E. Keith Blankenbaker earned a B.S., M.S., and Ed.D. from the University of Missouri. He is a leader in technology education curriculum development. He introduced contemporary technology education into the secondary schools where he taught in suburban St. Louis, Missouri. As a teacher educator, he developed, and for 25 years, taught construction technology courses for technology education majors at The Ohio State University. During this same period, he taught technology education curriculum and laboratory design, and supervised student teachers. He is the author of several other texts, in addition to Modern Plumbing. He has served as principal investigator for the Construction Education Curriculum Project, funded by the Associated General Contractors. He also served as principal investigator for the first edition of the plumbing apprenticeship program offered by the Associated Builders and Contractors. Dr. Blankenbaker has provided leadership on the local, state, and national level. As a secondary school teacher, he served as department chairman and was elected president of the regional industrial technology teacher education association. As a teacher educator, he was elected program coordinator, served as president of the Ohio Technology Education Association, acted as coordinator for the development of a new technology education curriculum guide for Ohio, and served as a member of the ITEEA Board of Directors. His construction work experience includes designing, building, maintaining, and remodeling residential and light commercial structures. These experiences include forming, placing, and finishing concrete framing roofing plumb- ing electrical installing doors and windows exterior and interior finish carpentry cabinetmaking and painting.