Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
xv
Contents
Section 1
Refrigeration System Fundamentals
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Refrigeration 2
1.1 Systems of Measurement 4
1.2 Matter and Energy 4
1.3 Force, Work, and Power 5
1.4 Heat 6
1.5 Volume 14
1.6 Pressure 15
1.7 Gas Laws 21
1.8 Saturated Vapor 22
1.9 Mass and Weight 22
1.10 Density 22
1.11 Basic Processes That Provide Cooling
Effect 23
1.12 Measuring Refrigeration Effect 24
Chapter 2
Basic Refrigeration Systems 28
2.1 Compression Refrigeration Cycle 30
2.2 High Side and Low Side 31
2.3 Compression 32
2.4 Condensing 34
2.5 Metering Device 36
2.6 Evaporating 36
Section 2
Service Basics
Chapter 3
Tools and Supplies 42
3.1 Hand Tools 44
3.2 Instruments 58
3.3 Standard Supplies 61
3.4 Employer-Provided Tools and
Equipment 64
Chapter 4
Working with Tubing and Piping 68
4.1 Types of Refrigerant Tubing and Pipe 70
4.2 Non-Refrigerant Tubing and Pipe 71
4.3 Cutting Tubing 73
4.4 Bending Tubing 76
4.5 Connecting Tubing 77
4.6 Connecting Pipe 91
Chapter 5
Service Calls 96
5.1 Troubleshooting and Servicing 98
5.2 Customer Service 101
Section 3
Refrigerants
Chapter 6
Introduction to Refrigerants 108
6.1 Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer 110
6.2 Classifying Refrigerants 111
6.3 Identifying Refrigerants 113
6.4 Refrigerant Properties 115
6.5 Refrigerant Applications 121
6.6 Inorganic Refrigerants 124
6.7 Refrigeration Lubricants 126
Chapter 7
Equipment and Instruments for Refrigerant
Handling and Service 132
7.1 Refrigerant Cylinders 134
7.2 Pressure Gauges 136
7.3 Service Valves 140
7.4 Gauge Manifolds 147
7.5 Leak Detection Devices 151
7.6 Vacuum Pumps 154
7.7 Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming
Equipment 156
Chapter 8
Working with Refrigerants 164
8.1 Checking Refrigerant Charge 166
8.2 Redistributing Refrigerant 167
8.3 Locating and Repairing Refrigerant Leaks
176
8.4 Evacuating a System 181
8.5 Charging a System 186