iv About the Authors Andrew D. Althouse received his engineering degree from the University of Michigan. He was the Assistant Director of the Vocational Education Department at Cass Technical High School in Detroit and later became the Supervisor of Vocational Education for Detroit. As a leader in the fi eld, he and his coauthor Carl Turnquist created one of the fi rst training programs in refrigeration while at Cass Technical High School. Andy, as he was known, created the fi rst technical training course in refrigera- tion for industry. The instructional materials used in this fi rst course became the foundation for the text- book Modern Electric and Gas Refrigeration, which was published in 1933. Mr. Althouse was a Member of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers. Carl H. Turnquist earned his engineering degree from Wayne State University in Detroit and, along with Mr. Althouse, developed one of the earliest training pro- grams to provide instruction for mechanical refrigeration for the automotive industry and for railroad passenger cars. With industry support, Carl’s program fl ourished as the demand for skilled technicians in this new fi eld expanded. The Modern Electric and Gas Refrigeration book was revised every three to fi ve years as new equipment was developed. The title of the book was eventually changed to Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Mr. Turnquist was an Associate Member of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers. Alfred Bracciano received a bachelor of science degree in Industrial Education with Certifi cation in Vocational Education from Wayne State University in Michigan. He also earned a master’s degree in Secondary Education and a Specialist degree in Administration and Supervision. Mr. Bracciano was employed as a teacher of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for twelve years. He then became Director of Career and Technical Education for Warren Consolidated Schools in Warren, Michigan. He taught Community Resources Workshops for Michigan State University and pre- sented at conferences throughout the country. Mr. Bracciano is a life member of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Refrigeration Service Engineers Society (RSES), Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE), and the American Technical Education Association (ATEA). Dan Bracciano graduated from Oakland University in Rochester Hills, Michigan, with a bachelor of science degree in Mechanical Engineering. He began his career in HVACR at the Warren Schools Career Center, grad- uating in HVACR, and worked in the HVACR fi eld performing residential and commercial HVACR instal- lations and service. Dan has over twenty-fi ve years of experience work- ing in design development and manufacture of HVAC systems for Fiat/Chrysler, General Motors, Mitsubishi Climate Control, and Alternative Energy Corporation. He holds several patents in the fi eld, including a patent for a Modular Hermetic HVAC system. Dan is a mem- ber of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the Mobile Air Conditioning Society (MACS). Gloria Bracciano received a bachelor’s degree in Education, a master’s degree in Curriculum and Instruction, and an education specialist degree in Administrative Leadership. She completed coursework in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration through Oakland and Macomb Community Colleges. Ms. Bracciano has worked in the fi eld of education for over twenty-fi ve years and has held positions as both university professor and administrator. She has also served as the Provost of Gulliver Schools. Ms. Bracciano specializes in development and implementation of inno- vative curriculums and has presented at local, state, and national conferences. Ms. Bracciano is a member of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Refrigeration Service Engineers Society (RSES), and the American Technical Education Association (ATEA). The authors and publisher wish to thank Connie Habermehl, Administrative Assistant for Associated Technical Authors, for her contributions to this and previous editions of Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.