xvi Chapter 39 Hydronic Heating Fundamentals ............................1004 39.1 Hydronic System Components .............1006 39.2 Hydronic System Designs .....................1018 39.3 Hydronic System Controls ....................1028 39.4 Hydronic System Installation ................1032 39.5 Troubleshooting and Servicing Hydronic Systems .................................1033 39.6 Preparing a Boiler for the Heating Season .........................1042 Chapter 40 Heat Pumps .......................................................1048 40.1 Heat Pump Basics ................................1049 40.2 Types of Heat Pumps ............................1050 40.3 Heat Pump Efficiency ...........................1055 40.4 Heat Pump System Components .........1056 40.5 Heat Pump Controls .............................1067 40.6 Heat Pumps and Solar Heating Systems ................................................1072 40.7 Heat Pump System Service ..................1073 Chapter 41 Gas-Fired Heating Systems...................................1080 41.1 Gas Furnace Operation Overview ........1081 41.2 Combustion ..........................................1082 41.3 Gas Valves ............................................1087 41.4 Gas Burners..........................................1088 41.5 Ignition Systems ...................................1090 41.6 Gas Furnace Controls ...........................1092 41.7 Gas Furnace Efficiency .........................1097 41.8 Gas Furnace Venting Categories ..........1099 41.9 Gas-Fired Radiant Heat ........................1099 41.10 Gas-Fired Heating System Service ......1100 Chapter 42 Oil-Fired Heating Systems .................................... 1114 42.1 Basic Oil Furnace Operation................. 1115 42.2 Fuel Oil ................................................. 1117 42.3 Combustion Efficiency .......................... 1118 42.4 Fuel Line Components ..........................1123 42.5 Oil Burners ............................................1127 42.6 Primary Control Units............................1134 42.7 Oil Furnace Exhaust ............................. 1141 42.8 Oil-Fired Heating System Service ........1142 Chapter 43 Electric Heating Systems ...................................... 1158 43.1 Principles of Electric Resistance Heating .................................................1159 43.2 Electric Heating Elements .....................1160 43.3 Electric Heating Systems ...................... 1161 43.4 Electric Furnace and Duct Heater Controls ................................................1169 43.5 Electric Baseboard Heating Unit Controls ............................ 1174 43.6 Electric Heat Construction Practices .... 1175 43.7 Electric Heating System Service ..........1177 Section 12 Energy Management and Conservation Chapter 44 Solar Power and Thermal Storage ......................... 1184 44.1 The Nature of Solar Energy ..................1185 44.2 Solar Collectors ....................................1186 44.3 Solar Heating Systems .........................1189 44.4 Applications for Solar Heating Systems ................................................ 1191 44.5 Supplementary Heat .............................1192 44.6 Solar Energy Cooling Systems .............1193 44.7 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Systems ................................................1194 44.8 Converting Solar Energy to Electricity ..........................................1201 Chapter 45 Energy Management ...........................................1208 45.1 Building Performance and Building Science ............................1209 45.2 Energy Auditing ....................................1212 45.3 Building Automation Systems ...............1215 45.4 Direct Digital Control (DDC) ..................1217 45.5 Building Control Protocols ....................1220 45.6 Building Control System Diagnostics and Repair ........................1223 Chapter 46 Energy Conservation ...........................................1228 46.1 Building Efficiency ................................1229 46.2 HVAC Equipment Efficiency .................1235