Glossary 863 Bell-mouthed kerf: A kerf that is narrowest on the torch side of the metal and widest on the opposite side of the metal. Bell-mouthed orifi ce: An orifi ce in a torch tip that is misshapen and enlarged due to improper cleaning. Bending jig: A device used to conduct a bend test on a sample of a test weld. Bend test: A common destructive testing method, in which a sample of the weld and surrounding base metal is bent and checked for cracks. Beryllium: A commercial metal that is lighter than aluminum and has a fairly high melting temperature. Bevel: An angle cut on the edge of the base metal in a weld joint to create a groove form. Bevel angle: The angle between the bevel of the joint and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the base material. Bird’s nest: A tangle of electrode wire that may occur in a wire feeder. Black light: Light waves that are below the visible range of light. The wavelength of the light reacts with certain dye materials. This causes the dye to fl uoresce in a color range visible to the eye. Blast furnace: A huge, tubular furnace made of steel and lined with fi rebrick. Used in the refi nement of iron ore. Blasting: A method of cleaning or surface roughening by projecting a stream of grit (sharp angular abrasives) against the material. Blow hole: See Porosity. Blowpipe: A nonstandard term for an oxyfuel gas torch. Blueprint: See preferred term Print. Body-centered cubic structure: The structure of steel at room temperature, in which there is one atom at each corner of a cube and one in the center. Bond coat: An intermediate surfacing between the base material and the fi nished surfacing. Bond line: In thermal spraying, the junction between the thermal spray deposit and the base metal. Bottom time: The time from the beginning of the dive until the diver begins to ascend, or come back up. Bottom view: The view below the front view on an ortho- graphic drawing. Bourdon tube: A tube in a pressure gauge that tends to straighten as the pressure increases. As it straightens, it operates a gear and pointer mechanism. Brake: A piece of equipment used to create bends in sheet metal. Brass: An alloy consisting chiefl y of copper and zinc. Brazed connections: Connections made using special fi ttings that are brazed onto tubing. Brazement: An assembly joined by brazing. Braze welding (BW): Making an adhesion groove, fi llet, or plug weld above 840°F (450°C). The metal is not distrib- uted by capillary action. Brazing: Making an adhesion connection using a minimum amount of an alloy that melts above 840°F (450°C). The alloy fl ows by capillary action between close-fi tting parts. Breathing apparatus: Protective device designed to deliver breathable air to the wearer. Brinell hardness: An accurate measure of hardness of metal, made as a hard steel ball is pressed into the smooth surface at standard conditions. Brinell hardness testing machine: A machine that has an indenter built into a press. The indenter is pressed onto the test sample for a given period of time, the load is removed, and the diameter of the indentation is measured. Brittle: Easily fractured. Brittleness: Quality of a material that causes it to develop cracks with only a small degree of bending (deformation) of the material. Broach: A tool used to shape a hole. Broaching wires are used to clean welding torch tips and correspond to the diameter of the tip orifi ce. Bronze: An alloy consisting chiefl y of copper and tin. Bronze welding: A nonstandard term for braze welding. Brown and Sharpe (B&S): Gage system usually used to measure nonferrous sheet and wire. Brushes: Carbon or copper contacts in a generator or elec- tric motor. Buildup: The amount that the weld face extends above the surface of the base metal. Buried arc: A weld pool that is lower than the surface of the surrounding metal. Burn: To rapidly oxidize. Burning: A nonstandard term. See Flame cutting. Buttering: A surfacing deposit that is applied to provide a metallurgically compatible surface for a weld metal to be applied later. Butt joint: An assembly in which the two pieces joined are in the same plane, with the edge of one piece touching the edge of the other. Button: Part of a resistance weld torn out in destructive testing of a spot, seam, or projection weld. Butt seam welding: Form of seam welding in which elec- tric current heats the edges of the metal to a molten condition just before it passes between a set of rollers. The two rollers press pipe edges together, and the metal is welded. C Cable: A nonstandard term. See Lead. Capillary action: Property of a liquid to move into small spaces if it has the ability to “wet” those surfaces. Carbon: The element that, when combined with iron, forms various kinds of steel. In solid form, it is used as an elec- trode for arc welding. As a mold, it will hold weld metal. Motor brushes are made from carbon. Carbon and low-alloy steel electrode classifi cation number: Four or fi ve digit American Welding Society identifying number for carbon and low-alloy steel electrodes. Carbon arc cutting: An arc cutting process that uses a carbon electrode. Carbon equivalent (CE): A formula used to quantify the weldability of a steel.