Glossary 883 Upset welding: Welding in which the electrical resistance raises the base metal to fusion temperature. The two pieces being joined are then forced together under high pressure. Upslope: An increasing current. Upslope current: Gradual increase in current from zero to the welding current. V Vacuum arc furnace: A steelmaking furnace that uses a consumable electrode process to produce highly pure metal. Vacuum furnace: A furnace equipped with vacuum pumps to draw gases away from the molten metal. Vacuum induction furnace: A steelmaking furnace used when close control of the chemistry of the metal is of prime importance. The induction furnace is airtight and attached to vacuum pumps so that contaminating gases are constantly removed. Vacuum stream degassing: A process that works to remove gases from steel produced by basic oxygen or electric furnaces. Vaporized metal: Fine, diffuse particles of molten metal suspended in gas within the welding arc. Vernier gear mechanism: Measuring device that permits fi ne adjustment, which is used to raise and/or lower a torch in an automatic cutting machine. Vertical (3G) welding position: Welding position in which the welding is done in a vertical seam and on a vertical surface. Vertically down: A nonstandard term. See Downhill. Vertically up: A nonstandard term. See Uphill. Visual inspection: An examination of the external surfaces of a weld using various tools to check for size, contour, and location of the weld and reveal surface defects. W Walking the cup: A GTAW technique used to achieve proper penetration to the root of the weld and into the side walls during the root pass. Water jet cutting: A process that uses a high-pressure jet of water, with or without an abrasive added, to cut a wide variety of materials. Waterseal fl ashback arrestor: A hydraulic device installed in the pipeline of an acetylene manifold installation to provide positive fl ashback protection. The liquid seal quenches fl ashbacks and keeps them from affecting other parts of the manifold piping system. Wear: Deterioration resulting from use. Weave bead: A wide weld bead that is formed by moving the torch or electrode from side-to-side as the weld pass progresses along the weld joint. Weld: A fused joint between two or more pieces of metal or nonmetal. Weld-all-around symbol: Symbol that indicates that the same type of weld joint is to be used on all edges of a box or cylindrical part. Weld axis: An imaginary line running lengthwise through the center of a completed weld. Weld bead: Deposited line of fi ller metal from a single welding pass. Weld crack: Crack in weld metal. Welder: A person who performs a weld. (The term is some- times incorrectly used to describe a welding machine.) Welder performance qualifi cation test (WPQT): A test of a welder’s ability to perform a weld according to a partic- ular welding procedure specifi cation. Weld face: The outer surface of the weld bead on the side the weld was made. Welding: A joining method that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the fusion temperature. The process may or may not use pressure or fi ller material. Welding arc: See Arc. Welding goggles: Protective glasses held securely to the welder’s head by an elastic band. Welding positions: Different alignments of the weld axis and weld face. Common welding positions include fl at, hori- zontal, vertical, and overhead positions. Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR): A record of the welding variables and tests conducted to qualify a specifi c welding procedure specifi cation. Welding procedure specifi cation (WPS): A document that lists all the variables and procedures required to perform a specifi c weld. This is done to ensure the repeatable acceptability of the weld when the procedure is followed by trained and qualifi ed professional welders. Welding rod: Metal rod that is melted into the weld metal. Welding schedule: A list of the welding variable values required to complete a specifi c weld. Welding sequence: Order in which the component parts of a structure are welded. Welding station: The welding outfi t plus a welding table, holding fi xtures, ventilation, and possibly a booth. Welding temperature: The temperature at which a weld is made. Welding tip: The part of an oxyacetylene torch where combustion takes place to form the welding fl ame. Welding torch: The device that produces the welding arc or fl ame. Welding voltage: The voltage produced by the power source during the welding operation. Welding wire: A fi ller metal that is normally in a coil form. It may or may not conduct electricity. Weld joint. How the parts to be joined are assembled prior to welding. Weldment: Assembly of component parts joined together by welding. Weld metal: The fused portion of base metal or fused portion of the base metal and the fi ller metal. Weld nugget: Weld metal in a spot, seam, or projection weld. Weld pass: Single progression of a weld or surfacing opera- tion. The result of a pass is a bead, layer, or spray deposit. Weld peel: An unacceptable result of a weld peel test in which no melting of the base metal has occurred and the two pieces do not stick together.